聚落与交通视阈下的秦汉亭制变迁

发布时间：2018-04-22 02:11

本文选题：秦汉 + 乡亭　；参考：《历史研究》2017年01期

【摘要】：秦汉文献中的"十里一亭""十亭一乡",是真实存在的制度设计。亭的设置原则一是不能远离聚落,二是不能脱离交通。邮亭主要设置于京师与郡国、郡国与县邑的主要交通沿线,乡亭主要设置于聚落附近和郡国辖域的次级交通道路。乡亭、邮亭的辖区称"亭部",随着亭部人口的增长和耕垦的需要逐渐形成新的聚落,此即长沙五一广场东汉简牍和三国吴简中的"丘"。新的聚落称"丘"而不称"里",说明"丘"是按地域命名的,而非乡里行政组织。丘的形成既有邑居之民外迁的路径,更有移民在国家赋民草田、赋民丘地等安置政策下通过"占垦"而聚居的渠道。随着东汉地方管理体制的变动,亭部开始对辖域内散居的聚或丘行使乡部治权,出现亭部—丘的隶属关系。亭部退出历史舞台后,丘划归所在乡或另设乡统一管理,形成乡—里、乡—丘不同的管理体系。秦汉以来以联户为目的的乡里组织在聚与丘的浪潮下逐渐松动,聚落逐渐演变为地域单位,表明国家对丘的管理已经放弃了以"里"为基础的乡里编制和多重监管的传统。乡里行政编制虽然犹存,但广大乡村行政权力弱化的历程已经开始。
[Abstract]:In the literature of Qin and Han dynasties, "ten li one pavilion" "ten pavilions and one township" is a real system design. The setting principle of pavilion is that one can not be away from settlement, and the other is that it cannot be separated from traffic. The postal kiosk is mainly set up along the main traffic lines between the capital and the county, the county and the county, and the rural kiosk is mainly located near the settlement and the sub-traffic road in the county area. Rural pavilion, the district of postal kiosk is called "Pavilion", with the increase of population and the need of cultivation and reclamation, a new settlement is gradually formed, that is, Changsha Wuyi Square, Eastern Han Dynasty bamboo slips and "Qiu" in the three Kingdoms Wu Bamboo slips. The new settlement was called "Hill" rather than "Li", indicating that Qiu was named by region, not by rural administrative organization. The formation of Qiu has not only the path of emigration, but also the channel of settlement through the policy of "occupation and reclamation". With the change of the local management system in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Pavilion began to exercise the administrative power of the rural ministry over the scattered living in the Central Government area, and the subordinate relationship between the Pavilion and the Qiu appeared. After the pavilion withdrew from the historical stage, Qiu was assigned to the township or set up a unified management of the township, forming a different management system between the township and the hill. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the rural organizations for the purpose of linking households have gradually loosened under the tide of gathering and hilly, and the settlements have gradually evolved into regional units, indicating that the management of Qiu has abandoned the tradition of "Li" based rural establishment and multiple supervision. Although rural administrative system still exists, the course of weakening of rural administrative power has already begun.
【作者单位】：东北师范大学历史文化学院;
【基金】：2013年国家社会科学基金项目“秦汉庶民社会管理模式新论”(13BZS023)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：K232

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