明清时期浙江柑橘业研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 14:45

本文选题：柑橘 + 明清时期　；参考：《南京农业大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：浙江地区气候温暖湿润,柑橘栽培历史悠久,柑橘品种繁多。早在三国时期,浙江境内就有柑橘的确切记载,唐宋时期浙江柑橘栽培面积扩大,种类增多,柑橘品性佳良。南宋时期《橘录》所载柑橘品种和栽培技术,体现了这一时期柑橘种植的兴盛。明清时期浙江柑橘栽培进一步发展,主要体现在柑橘栽培空间的广泛,柑橘品种的繁盛,柑橘栽培与加工技术的进步和完善,柑橘商品化经营的发展,柑橘种植经济效益的提高,柑橘市场的广大,柑橘包装与运输技术的发达。明清时期浙江柑橘栽培地域比唐宋时期更广大,浙江境内十一个府都有柑橘的栽培,其中发展最为显著的是金华府和处州府。而从总体空间分布看,温台衢杭是浙江省最主要的柑橘生产区域。同时我们从明清地方志所记载各府县境内的柑橘品种,可以看出柑橘栽培的空前盛况,柑橘品种在空间分布上有较大的发展。比如,明清时期柚的种植在空间上有很大的发展。明清时期浙江柑橘种植的品种比唐宋时期更加的繁多,浙江新出现或引进的品种有,金弹,佛手柑,香圆,甜橙,早橘,朱橘,漆碟红。其中宋元时期沿承下来的枳、罗浮、金豆、枸橼、抽、酸橙、香橙、黄橘、乳橘、蜜橘、绿橘、瓯柑、洞庭柑等品种,在明清时期继续发展,栽培区域不断扩大。明清时期浙江柑橘品种繁多,出现了一些地方名优品种。如富阳王洲蜜橘、温州乳柑、台州乳橘、衢州朱橘、塘栖蜜橘、定海金柑。其中富阳王洲蜜橘、温州乳柑,唐宋时期已闻名于世,发展到清代逐渐衰落。台州乳橘自唐代发展至今,一直是台州的优良柑橘品种。衢州朱橘、塘栖蜜橘、定海金柑是明清时期新发展的地方优良品种。明清时期衢州朱橘和塘栖蜜橘由于品性佳良,栽培兴盛,这两种品种一直持续发展至今。定海金柑发展至民国时期走向衰落。地方名优品种的栽培,对柑橘种植业意义重大。柑橘品性佳良,是占据市场的关键。明清时期浙江柑橘的栽培技术,在沿用宋元栽培技术的基础上,有着不同程度的发展和提高。柑橘栽培技术的发展,主要表现在嫁接繁殖上,新增了以枳作嫁接柑橘的砧木；在肥料种类上,增加了动物性肥料和茅灰；在防害虫方法上,创造了用火焚虫和撒蛎灰除虫的方法。对于柑橘的贮藏方法,明清时期,浙江地区新运用了豆藏法和缸藏法。明清时期浙江人民对柑橘的加工利用,在承袭前人的基础上,也创造了具有浙江地区特色的橘蜜、蟹酿橙、橘豉。明清时期浙江柑橘栽培商品化程度不断提高,在浙江主栽培区普遍出现了以种橘为生的橘户,还出现了专门的橘市。种植柑橘经济效益高,农民种植柑橘获取收益来充交赋税,还出现了因种橘而致富的橘户,柑橘的种植面积不断扩大,甚至出现了上万亩的橘田。柑橘生产商品化的发展,还表现在浙江柑橘市场的广大与运输的发达。浙江柑橘的市场主要有杭州、苏州、京师。水路运输和陆路运输是主要的运输方式,水路包括内河运输和海路运输。杭州是省内省外的转运中心,苏州是北上的转运中心。
[Abstract]:Zhejiang region has a warm and humid climate, a long history of citrus cultivation and a wide variety of citrus. Early in the Three Kingdoms period, there were exact records of Citrus in Zhejiang. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the cultivated area of citrus was enlarged, the species increased, the citrus quality was good. The citrus varieties and cultivation techniques contained in the Southern Song period "tangerine" were reflected in this period of citrus planting. The further development of citrus cultivation in Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is mainly reflected in the extensive cultivation of citrus, the prosperity of citrus varieties, the progress and perfection of citrus cultivation and processing technology, the development of Citrus commercialization, the improvement of Citrus economic benefits, the vast citrus market, and the developed packaging and transportation technology of citrus.
The citrus cultivation region in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was larger than that of the Tang and Song dynasties. The eleven prefectures in Zhejiang had citrus cultivation. Among them, the most significant development was the Jinhua mansion and the prefecture government. From the overall spatial distribution, Wentai Quzhou and Hangzhou were the most important citrus production areas in Zhejiang province. At the same time, we recorded the county territory from the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Citrus varieties can be seen in the unprecedented growth of citrus cultivation, and the spatial distribution of citrus varieties has been greatly developed. For example, the planting of pomelo in the Ming and Qing dynasties had a great development in space.
The varieties of Citrus planted in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were more varied than the Tang and Song dynasties. The new or imported varieties in Zhejiang were gold, citrus, orange, orange, citrus, and saucer red. Among them, the varieties along the song and Yuan Dynasties were orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, orange, citrus, oranges, Dongting citrus and other varieties The period of the Qing Dynasty continued to develop, and the cultivation area was expanding.
There are many varieties of Citrus in Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Fuyang Wang Zhou tangerine, Wenzhou oranges, Taizhou oranges, Quzhou jukkumquat, Tangqi tangerine orange, and Dinghai kumquat. Fuyang Wang Zhou tangerine and Wenzhou oranges are famous in the Tang and Song Dynasties and gradually declined in the Qing Dynasty. The Taizhou is a stage since the Tang Dynasty, and has been a platform since the Tang Dynasty. The fine citrus varieties in the state. Quzhou citrus, Tangqi tangerine and Dinghai kumquat are the best local varieties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the two varieties of citrus and tangerines in Quzhou were continuously developed to the present. Citrus planting is of great significance. Citrus quality is the key to occupy the market.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cultivation techniques of Citrus in Zhejiang were developed and improved on the basis of the cultivation techniques of the song and Yuan Dynasties. The development of citrus cultivation technology was mainly shown in the grafting breeding, and the rootstock was added to the grafted citrus with trifoliate orange; in the type of fertilizer, the animal fertilizer and the ash were added; the method of pest control was created. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the processing and utilization of the citrus and the processing and utilization of Citrus in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the processing and utilization of Citrus in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the basis of the predecessors, also created the orange honey, crab, orange, and fermented orange with the characteristics of the Zhejiang region.
The commercialization of citrus cultivation in Zhejiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties increased continuously. In the main cultivated areas of Zhejiang, there were common tangerine growers in the main cultivated areas of Zhejiang, and a special orange city appeared. The commercialized development of citrus production is also shown in the vast market of citrus and transportation in Zhejiang. The main market of Citrus in Zhejiang is Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Beijing teacher. Waterway transportation and land transportation are the main modes of transportation. The waterways include inland and sea transportation. Hangzhou is the transport center of the province outside the province. Suzhou is a transport center on the north.

【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K248;S666

【参考文献】