明清时期汾河流域的植被变迁

发布时间：2018-05-12 04:05

本文选题：明清 + 汾河流域　；参考：《山西大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：汾河是山西省境内最大的河流,属于黄河的一级支流。汾河流域的生态环境一直以来都比较脆弱,自秦汉以来,随着社会人口的不断增加,土地开垦率不断提升,同时,受到气候、环境、政策、战争等诸多方面的影响,植被遭受到了严重的破坏,植被覆盖率不断减少。尤其是从明代初期修筑长城和堡寨开始,加之汾河流域的很多地区实行大规模的军屯、商屯,汾河流域的植被更是遭受了严重的破坏,水土流失更加严重,流域的生态环境不断恶化。至清代,由于各种原因,植被的破坏地更加剧烈,更加严重得破坏了当地的生态平衡,一系列问题接踵而至。具体来说,汾河上游地区,明前期时,森林覆盖率大体还占百分之四十左右,林相尚好。自明中叶起遭到剧烈破坏,明中叶后,外围森林已基本覆灭。明后期时,腹地高山上的森林已被砍伐殆尽。明末时,仅深远高峻的山上,有些幼杂残林,林相残破,基本无巨木良材。就是这些分散残杂的次生林,加起来覆盖率也占不到总面积的百分之二十,约在百分之十五以上。到清代,汾河流域的焚林焚草、开荒现象变得更加普遍,植被更加严重破坏,很多山头已经是岩石裸露,使得森林难以恢复和更新,而使其向高山和陡坡进行退缩。汾河中游地区,除少数的山区由于地势险要林木保存较好之外,大多数地区的森林植被等已经遭到了严重破坏,由于森林遭到毁坏,灌草也受到摧残,使得总生物数量大大减少,自然灾害发生得更加频繁。汾河下游地区,由于地势较为平坦,且山脉普遍较低,所以,植被大多在明初就被破坏的非常严重,到清代时,山区的森林植被几乎以都是“群山童童,濯濯弥望”,仅余一些残林和风景林而已。全文除后记外,共分五个部分：第一部分为绪论,简要介绍了研究目的和意义研究方法、创新之处以及国内外对汾河流域植被研究的学术动态等内容；第二部分为：明清时期汾河流域概况,主要对明清时期汾河流域的自然条件特征和明清时期汾河流域的社会经济特征进行简单的介绍；第三部分为：明清时期汾河流域的植被变迁情况,将汾河流域划分成上游、中游、下游三个区域,分别进行论述,依据相关史料的记载,最大程度上还原明清时期汾河流域的植被变迁情况。分析了明清时期汾河流域林木种类的分布及变迁情况。第四部分为：明清时期汾河流域的植被变迁带来的后果影响及原因分析,分别从水土流失,洪涝灾害增多,气候变干,旱灾增多以及野生动物资源锐减几方面进行阐述。通过对第二部分变迁情况的分析探究,从自然原因、社会原因、政治原因三方面得出植被变迁的原因。第五部分为：结论和启示。
[Abstract]:Fenhe River is the largest river in Shanxi Province, belonging to the first-class tributaries of the Yellow River. The ecological environment of the Fenhe River basin has always been relatively fragile. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, with the continuous increase of social population, the rate of land reclamation has been increasing, and at the same time, it has been affected by climate, environment, policy, war and so on. Vegetation has suffered serious damage, vegetation coverage has been reduced. Especially since the construction of the Great Wall and Fort Zhai in the early Ming Dynasty, in addition to the implementation of large-scale military and commercial villages in many areas of the Fenhe River Basin, the vegetation of the Fenhe River Basin has been seriously damaged, and the soil erosion is even more serious. The ecological environment of the river basin is deteriorating. In Qing Dynasty, because of various reasons, the destruction of vegetation was more severe, more serious to destroy the local ecological balance, a series of problems followed. Specifically, the upper reaches of Fenhe, early Ming, forest coverage is about 40%, forest is still good. Since the middle of Ming Dynasty suffered severe damage, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the peripheral forest has been basically destroyed. By the late Ming Dynasty, the forests of the hinterland mountains had been cut down. At the end of Ming Dynasty, only deep and steep mountains, some young mixed forest, the forest is dilapidated, there is basically no giant wood good wood. Even these scattered secondary forests account for less than 20% of the total area, about 15% or more. By the Qing Dynasty, forest burning and grass burning in Fenhe River Basin, the phenomenon of wasteland opening became more common, vegetation was more seriously damaged, and many mountain tops had been exposed to rocks, which made it difficult for the forest to recover and renew, so that it retreated to the high mountains and steep slopes. In the middle reaches of the Fenhe River, with the exception of a few mountainous areas where forest vegetation has been seriously damaged because of the dangerous terrain of trees, the forest vegetation has been severely damaged, and the shrub grass has also been destroyed as a result of the destruction of forests. As a result, the total number of organisms has been greatly reduced and natural disasters have occurred more frequently. In the lower reaches of the Fenhe River, because the terrain is relatively flat and the mountains are generally low, most of the vegetation was destroyed very seriously in the early Ming Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the forest vegetation in the mountainous areas was almost all "mountain children, Maundy Maunwan." There are only a few residual forests and landscape forests. In addition to the postscript, the full text is divided into five parts: The first part is the introduction, briefly introduces the purpose and significance of the research methods, innovations and the domestic and foreign research on the vegetation of the Fenhe River Basin, and so on. The second part is divided into: the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin general situation, mainly in the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin natural conditions and the Ming and Qing dynasties of the social and economic characteristics of the Fenhe River Basin for a simple introduction; The third part is divided into three regions, namely, the upper reaches, the middle reaches and the lower reaches, according to the relevant historical records. The maximum reduction of the Ming and Qing dynasties Fenhe River Basin vegetation changes. The distribution and vicissitude of forest species in Fenhe River Basin in Ming and Qing dynasties were analyzed. The fourth part is divided into four parts: the consequences and causes of vegetation change in Fenhe River Basin in Ming and Qing dynasties, respectively from the aspects of soil and water loss, increase of flood disaster, dry climate, increase of drought and sharp decrease of wildlife resources. Through the analysis of the second part of the vicissitude, from the natural reasons, social reasons, political reasons, the reasons of vegetation change are obtained. The fifth part is the conclusion and enlightenment.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：Q948;K248

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