先秦儒家忠孝观念变迁研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 15:40

本文选题：忠孝 + 尊亲　；参考：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 传统“忠孝观”主要源于春秋战国时期的儒家学派,但又与之有很大的区别。在传统忠孝观中,“忠”指“忠君”,强调君权,孝指“尊亲”,主要是“尊父”,强调父权,因此传统忠孝观实质是“君父同一”、“家国同构”。而春秋战国时期的儒家学派亦即早期儒家学派的忠孝观念其内涵与之相比要广泛与深刻得多。但为了更好的考察二者之间的联系,仍需从“忠君”和“尊亲”的角度分别考察“忠”、“孝”观念,然后探讨二者之间的关系,在此基础上明确传统意义上的忠孝观念在早期儒家学派中的表现及其变迁。早期儒家学派的代表人物为孔子及其弟子、孟子、荀子,而早期儒家主要经典为《论语》、《左传》、《孟子》、《荀子》、《孝经》等,围绕这些人物与经典,分别讨论,最后进行对比分析可以对于春秋战国时期儒家忠孝观念的变迁有一个比较清晰的认识。孔子忠孝观的首要内容是从维护君主、统治阶级长远利益的角度出发的,指出君主要依礼而行,崇尚道德,然后强调臣民尽自己所能去忠于君主。而从《左传》、《国语》中我们可以看出孔子忠孝观的时代背景,宗法制在春秋时期逐渐趋于崩溃,但并没有影响孝道的伦理力量,一方面忠君观念开始从孝道中分离出来,并越来越独立发挥作用；另一方面,以血缘为纽带的父子伦常得到凸显,孝道的家庭伦理功能开始变得强化。因此,春秋时期,忠孝的双重作用已经初步形成,处于忠孝双重作用下的人们常常会感到无所适从,进退维谷。到了战国时期,各诸侯国的君权都得到了强化,君主专制的雏形出现,因此孟子的忠君观念便显出了相应的特征。从根本上说,孟子是主张忠君的,只不过前提条件是君主尊仁行义,尊贤任能,以王道平治天下。这点和孔子类似,但比孔子更为详尽具体,尤其是孟子对于王道仁政的信仰致使其对于君主近乎“苛刻”的期望,但这同时也恰恰反映了他渴望忠于明君圣主的迫切心情。忠孝观念经过荀子的发挥,到了《孝经》成书时,已经相当严密与成熟,适应了当时社会大一统的趋势,其核心思想“移孝作忠”充分表达了“君父同一”、“家国同构”的涵义。但需要注意的是,“移孝作忠”并非简单的把事父孝转化为事君忠,强调忠大于孝,而是与孔孟荀一脉相承,其对于君德依然相当重视,这就要求我们客观的给予评价。
[Abstract]:The traditional concept of loyalty and filial piety originates from the Confucian school in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period, but it is quite different from it. In the traditional concept of loyalty and filial piety, "loyalty" refers to "loyalty to the monarch", emphasizing monarchy, filial piety to "respecting one's father", emphasizing paternity, so the traditional concept of loyalty and filial piety is essentially "the same father and monarch" and "isomorphism of family and country". The concept of loyalty and filial piety of the early Confucian school in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period was much more extensive and profound than the concept of loyalty and filial piety. But in order to better examine the relationship between the two, we still need to examine the concept of "loyalty" and "filial piety" from the angle of "loyal monarch" and "respecting relatives", and then discuss the relationship between them. On this basis, the traditional concept of loyalty and filial piety in the early Confucian school performance and changes. The representatives of the early Confucian school were Confucius and his disciples, Mencius and Xunzi, while the main early Confucian classics were "Analects of Confucius", "Zuo Zhuan >," Mencius >, "Xunzi", "the Book of filial piety" and so on. Finally, we can have a clear understanding of the change of Confucian concept of loyalty and filial piety in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period. The main content of Confucius' concept of loyalty and filial piety is from the angle of safeguarding the monarch and the long-term interests of the ruling class, pointing out that the monarch should act in accordance with propriety, advocate morality, and then emphasize that the subjects should try their best to be loyal to the monarch. From Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, we can see the background of Confucius' concept of loyalty and filial piety. The patriarchal system gradually collapsed in the Spring and Autumn period, but it did not affect the ethical power of filial piety. On the one hand, the concept of loyal monarch began to separate from filial piety. On the other hand, the patriarchal clan, which is linked by blood, has been highlighted, and the family ethics function of filial piety has been strengthened. Therefore, in the Spring and Autumn period, the dual role of loyalty and filial piety has been initially formed, under the dual role of loyalty and filial piety, people often feel at a loss. In the warring States period, the monarchies of all the princes were strengthened, and the rudimentary autocracy of monarchy appeared, so Mencius' concept of loyalty to the monarch showed the corresponding characteristics. Fundamentally speaking, Mencius advocated loyalty to the monarch, but the premise was that the monarch respected benevolence and righteousness, respected the meritocracy, and ruled the world with the king's path. This is similar to Confucius, but more detailed than Confucius, especially Mencius' belief in the benevolence of the monarch, which led to his near-" harsh "expectations of the monarch, but it also reflected his eagerness to be loyal to the Lord. The concept of loyalty and filial piety was brought into full play by Xunzi, and by the time the Book of filial piety was written, it was already very strict and mature, adapted to the trend of unifying society at that time, and its core thought, "transfer filial piety and be loyal," fully expressed "the unity of the king and father." The meaning of "family and country isomorphism". However, it should be noted that "filial piety and loyalty" does not simply transform filial piety into loyalty, emphasizing loyalty more than filial piety, but inherits from Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, and it still attaches great importance to Junde, which requires us to give an objective evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】