西汉乡里官吏与国家建构

发布时间：2018-06-14 00:07

本文选题：西汉 + 乡里官吏　；参考：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 乡里制度随着春秋战国中央集权郡县制国家的崛起而形成,乡里官吏也随之出现,并且一直到秦朝其各种官吏的各项职能也初步形成,他们在国家全面控制基层乡里社会和“编户齐民”过程中起到了重要作用。西汉王朝继承了秦朝的基层管理体制,各种乡里官吏各尽其职,其中三老一般选择五十岁以上老人担任,他们有德有能,在乡里有一定声望,在基层有较大影响力,有时候其言论还可以直达中央建言参政,并且参与乡里祭祀等重大活动。孝悌是乡里间孝敬父母、尊重兄长的代表,力田是乡里间种田能手,他们和三老一起都受到国家尊崇,共同组成了“非吏比”的乡官系统,主要负责教化民众。有秩和啬夫是乡行政首长,有秩负责大乡,啬夫负责小乡,分别是郡和县的属吏。他们多从当地人中选任,并且能够以功劳升迁,有重大立功表现还可以破格提拔。作为基层乡里主要负责人,啬夫的职能包括控制人口,核定财产、收取赋税、征发徭役、受理诉讼等,涉及到乡里基层社会各个方面。乡佐是啬夫的副手,主要协助啬夫收取赋税。有秩、啬夫和乡佐就是国家控制乡里社会的主要代理人。在乡官之下是直接参与里聚落管理的各种里吏,其中比较重要的有里父老、里正、里监门等,由于他们长年生活在里中,对里聚落情况比较熟悉,所以成为乡官正常工作的重要辅助力量。游徼、亭长与啬夫等行政方面的官吏性质不同。游徼主要负责地方治安,巡行于乡间,也是县属吏。亭长除了地方治安之外还负责邮传系统的安全和来往人员的接待工作。横向考察了西汉各种乡里官吏的职能和工作范围,归纳出乡里官吏权力结构的一般模式。然而在纵向上看,西汉王朝乡里官吏的状况是随着国家大政方针而不断变化的,所以在西汉前期,乡里官吏作为国家需要争取的对象,对于稳定国家政权,恢复长期战争后的生产生活非常重要。他们作为国家基层官吏的工作使乡里社会达到了一种平衡状态。西汉武帝开始的中后期,国家权力急剧扩张,加上儒家意识形态的推行,官僚阶层随之兴起,渐次而成为地方宗族豪强。乡里官吏在基层代表国家权力同时也依附于宗族豪强。而这种情况反而导致国家对于乡里基层控制力下降。中央权力的控制遂逐渐衰落。而一旦中央权力崩溃,则乡里官吏又会崛起为乡里领袖,在王朝结束时起到重新组织地方的作用。西汉乡里官吏是国家控制乡里基层社会的代理人,同时也在一定程度上代表“编户齐民”与国家沟通,越到王朝后期,他们与宗族豪强的联系越是不可分割。总之,他们的活动关系到到整个国家的兴衰。
[Abstract]:The township system was formed with the rise of the centralized prefectural and county system in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, and the township officials also appeared along with it, and the various functions of their officials were initially formed until the Qin Dynasty. They played an important role in the state's overall control of the grassroots rural society and the process of "making up households and bringing the people together". The Western Han Dynasty inherited the basic management system of the Qin Dynasty, and all kinds of rural officials did their jobs. Three of them generally chose people over the age of 50. They had virtue and ability, had a certain reputation in the countryside, and had greater influence at the grass-roots level. Sometimes they can talk directly to the central government and participate in major activities such as village sacrifices. Filial piety and filial piety are the representatives of filial piety and respect for the elder brother. Litian is a skilled farmer in the countryside. They are respected by the state together with the three old people, and together they form a "non-official ratio" system of township officials, mainly responsible for educating the people. Rank and miser is the chief administrative officer of the township, rank responsible for the big township, Sik responsible for the small township, respectively, county and county officials. Many of them from the local people, and can be promoted with merit, there is a significant performance of meritorious service can also be promoted. As the principal person in charge of the village at the grassroots level, Sik's functions include controlling the population, approving property, collecting taxes, collecting corvee, accepting lawsuits, and so on, involving all aspects of the rural grass-roots society. Heung Suo is the deputy of Sik, mainly assisting Sik to collect taxes. Rank, Sik and the township is the main agent of the state control of rural society. Under the village officials are various local officials who are directly involved in the management of the settlement, among them the more important ones are Li Father, Li Zheng, Li Jian Men, and so on. As they have lived in the village for many years, they are more familiar with the situation of the settlement in Li. So become the township official normal work of an important auxiliary force. The nature of officials in administrative aspects such as Yu, Ting Chang and Sik Fu are different. You are mainly responsible for local security, patrol in the countryside, is also a county official. Besides local security, the kiosk is also responsible for the security of the mail transmission system and the reception of personnel. The functions and working scope of various rural officials in the Western Han Dynasty were investigated horizontally, and the general pattern of the power structure of the rural officials was concluded. Vertically, however, the situation of rural officials in the Western Han Dynasty is constantly changing with the state policy, so in the early Western Han Dynasty, the rural officials were the objects for the country to strive for, to stabilize the state power. It is very important to restore productive life after a long war. Their work as state officials at the grass-roots level has brought the rural society to a state of balance. In the middle and late period of the Western Han Dynasty, the state power expanded rapidly and the Confucian ideology carried out. The bureaucrats rose and gradually became the local clans. Rural officials at the grass-roots level on behalf of state power also attached to clan power. Instead, this situation led to a decline in the country's control of the rural grassroots. The control of central power gradually declined. And once the central power collapses, the village officials will rise as village leaders, at the end of the dynasty to reorganize the role of local. The officials of the Western Han Dynasty are the agents of the state to control the grassroots society in the countryside, and to some extent, they also represent the communication between the people and the country. The later the dynasty, the more inseparable their ties with the clan are. In short, their activities are related to the rise and fall of the whole country.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K234.1

【引证文献】