清王朝罪犯发遣新疆制度

发布时间：2018-07-06 08:29

本文选题：大清律例 + 发遣　；参考：《社会科学辑刊》2017年02期

【摘要】：清代乾隆中叶统一新疆以后,清政府开始向新疆发遣罪犯,并且相继出台发遣例,在法律上确定了罪犯发遣新疆的制度。与明代及清前期向边疆发遣罪犯不同,只有条例规定的一些罪名才能够发遣。最初定例,发遣新疆的罪名是20种,后增加为22种,再减少至8种,最终确定为16种。被发遣的罪犯都是情罪重大、"凶狡异常"之"猾匪积贼",以及邪教惑众的重犯。将获罪的文武官员发往新疆军台效力赎罪,则是针对职官的处罚。遣犯与这些官员的素质不可相提并论,在谈论罪犯发遣对新疆开发的贡献时,两者也不能等同。罪犯发遣新疆是为奴、种地、承担各种艰苦的劳役,官员发往新疆是效力、当差。遣犯种地的"遣屯""犯屯"规模并不大,在严加管制、期满回籍的情况下,很难与当地各民族交流,而低素质的罪犯也给新疆的发展带来困扰。同时,清代发往新疆的遣犯至多为10—16万人,永久移民于新疆者不足7万人,故其对新疆的开发与发展的作用甚微,不宜高估。
[Abstract]:After the unification of Xinjiang in the middle of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, the Qing government began to send criminals to Xinjiang, and issued dispatch orders one after another, which legally established the system of sending criminals to Xinjiang. Different from the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, only some crimes can be sent out to the frontier. Initially, the crime of sending out Xinjiang was 20, then increased to 22, then reduced to 8, and was finally determined to be 16. The criminals who were sent out were serious crimes of love, "crafty bandits and thieves", and the repeated offenses of evil cults bewitching the masses. Sending convicted civil and military officials to Xinjiang to atone for their duties is a punishment. The quality of these officials cannot be compared with that of the sent criminals, nor can they be equated when talking about the contribution of criminals to the development of Xinjiang. Criminals sent Xinjiang for slavery, farming, and all kinds of hard labor, officials sent to Xinjiang is to serve. In the case of strict control and returning home, it is difficult to communicate with local nationalities, and the development of Xinjiang is troubled by the low quality criminals. At the same time, at most 10-160,000 prisoners were sent to Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty, and fewer than 70,000 were permanently emigrated to Xinjiang, so it has little effect on the development and development of Xinjiang and should not be overestimated.
【作者单位】：南开大学法学院;周恩来政府管理学院;
【分类号】：K249

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