明清时期山东地区基层士人研究
发布时间：2018-07-21 18:53
【摘要】：明清时期科举制度繁荣发展,各阶层民众高涨的科举热情与有限的科举名额、官吏需求之间形成巨大差距,导致山东地区形成大批壅滞基层的士人群体。这一群体来自不同的阶层、家庭,接受程度不一的儒家文化熏陶,具有明显的层次性和多样性。由于受到山东地区浓厚传统观念及科举单一价值判定的束缚,他们难以谋求科考之外的生存途径和价值实现方式。浓厚的科举情结、与科举相关的案牍生涯和大量考试等过多地耗费了他们的时间与精力、影响了其生存能力的培养,使许多基层士人陷入经济拮据、穷困潦倒的境地。有限的生存空间、沉重的生存压力以及对本群体尴尬处境的自省促使他们积极提升、拓展“谋道”与“谋食”的能力和方式,展现出多样化的生存状态,这一群体本身所具有的多样性也因此得到进一步的发展。通过多方面的努力,他们在一定程度上缓解了科考失利的挫败感、志不得抒的苦闷和迷茫,改善了本群体的生存境遇,但未能从根本上抗衡科举制度的单一价值判定、获得充足的价值肯定、改变基层士人尴尬的处境。 基层士人群体在积极拓展生存空间、改善生存境遇的过程中,充分利用家庭、宗族、地方社会等大小不一的价值实现平台,强化他们的士人职能与操守。作为儒家文化在基层社会的践行者和传播者,他们的言谈举止,各种教育、教化活动,以及对儒家文化内容、载体、传播媒介世俗化进程的推进,为儒家文化的发展、变迁及其在基层社会的传播做出不可磨灭的贡献。他们熟悉下层民众的生活理念、实际需求,利用身份优势从现实生活及底层文化中汲取灵感与素材,创作出大量具有本群体特点的作品,为雅、俗文化的发展与交流贡献良多。 明清时期基层社会的管理模式为基层士人群体提供了一方广有作为的平台。基层士人作为士人群体的重要组成部分,具有强烈的使命感和责任感,为改善生存境遇、实现自我价值,他们通过供职官府或各种个人行为积极作用于乡里社会。虽然基层士人在乡里社会的社会活动并未形成一定组织,影响力也往往局限于较小的地域范围内,但他们具有明显的数量优势和身份优势。他们熟悉下层民众的生存模式,对地方社会有更加深入、全面的了解,见证了各种政策、法令在具体实施过程中的实际效用,成为地方政府运行过程中诸多具体事务的实际执行者,在很多方面填补了中、上层士绅的一些不足、缺失之处,对地方士绅在基层社会各种功能的发挥起到明显的辅助、补益作用。他们在山东地方社会发挥着各种具体而微、不可替代的实际作用,并在此过程中逐渐形成一定的群体意识、表现出诸多群体特点。 与农、工、商群体相比,基层士人所占山东总人口的比例较小,地方社会及下层民众对这一群体有着各种显而易见的实际需求,这充分说明其生存空间的狭小并非源于数量膨胀、人员过剩。他们拥有充足的、可资作为的社会空间,但明清社会强大的单一价值判定、山东地区较为浓厚的传统观念等,使之难以于科考之外充分实现自我价值、构建群体自信心、获得较高的生存能力和社会活动力、充分发挥其身为士人的职责和使命。
[Abstract]:In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system flourish and developed, the enthusiasm of the imperial examination and the limited number of imperial examinations and the needs of officials formed a huge gap, which led to the formation of a large group of grass-roots taxis in Shandong area. This group came from different classes, families and different Confucian cultures, which had a distinct hierarchy. Because of the constraints of the strong traditional concept of Shandong and the single value of the imperial examination, it is difficult for them to seek the way of survival and the way of realization of value. The strong imperial examination complex, the document career related to the imperial examination, and a large number of exams have consumed his time and energy too much, affecting their survival ability. The cultivation has made many grass-roots people into the situation of economic constraints and poverty. The limited living space, heavy living pressure and the self-examination of the embarrassing situation of this group have promoted them to promote actively, expand the ability and mode of "seek ways" and "seek food", and show the diversity of the state of existence, and the diversity of the group itself is diverse. Through many efforts, they have relieved the frustration of the failure of the science examination to a certain extent, were not willing to express their distress and confusion, improved the survival situation of the group, but failed to fundamentally counterbalance the single value judgment of the imperial examination system, obtain sufficient value and change the embarrassment of the grass-roots people. The situation.
In the process of actively expanding the living space and improving the survival situation, the grass-roots people groups make full use of the different values of family, clan and local society, and strengthen the functions and integrity of their people. As the practitioners and disseminators of the Confucian culture in the grass-roots society, their speech and behavior, various education, and teaching activities, As well as the advancement of the cultural content, carrier, and the secularization of the media, it makes an indelible contribution to the development of the Confucian culture, the change and the spread of the grass-roots society. They are familiar with the life ideas of the lower people, the actual needs, and the use of identity advantages to draw inspiration and material from the real life and the bottom culture, and create a large number of them. The works with the characteristics of this group contribute a lot to the development and communication of the popular culture.
The management mode of grass-roots society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a wide platform for the grass-roots group of people. As an important part of the group of scholars, grass-roots scholars have a strong sense of mission and responsibility to improve their living conditions and realize their self value. They actively play a role in the local society through the government or various individual behavior. Although the social activities of the grass-roots people have not formed a certain organization in the local social social activities, their influence is often limited to a small area, but they have obvious quantitative and identity advantages. They are familiar with the subsistence mode of the lower people, have a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the local society, and have witnessed various policies and decrees. The actual utility in the process of the implementation of the body has become the actual executor of many specific affairs during the operation of the local government. In many respects, some deficiencies and deficiencies of the upper class gentry are found, which play an obvious auxiliary and complement to the local gentry's various functions in the grass-roots society. They play various roles in the local society of Shandong. A small and irreplaceable role, and gradually formed a certain group consciousness in this process, showing many group characteristics.
Compared with the farmers, workers and business groups, the percentage of the total population of Shandong is small, and the local society and the lower people have all kinds of obvious practical needs for this group. This fully illustrates that the narrow living space is not due to the expansion of quantity and the excess of personnel. They have sufficient and available social space, but the Ming and Qing Dynasties The strong single value judgment, the strong traditional concept in Shandong area, makes it difficult to fully realize self value outside the science examination, build the confidence of the group, obtain higher survival ability and social activity, and give full play to the duty and mission of the scholar.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248
[Abstract]:In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system flourish and developed, the enthusiasm of the imperial examination and the limited number of imperial examinations and the needs of officials formed a huge gap, which led to the formation of a large group of grass-roots taxis in Shandong area. This group came from different classes, families and different Confucian cultures, which had a distinct hierarchy. Because of the constraints of the strong traditional concept of Shandong and the single value of the imperial examination, it is difficult for them to seek the way of survival and the way of realization of value. The strong imperial examination complex, the document career related to the imperial examination, and a large number of exams have consumed his time and energy too much, affecting their survival ability. The cultivation has made many grass-roots people into the situation of economic constraints and poverty. The limited living space, heavy living pressure and the self-examination of the embarrassing situation of this group have promoted them to promote actively, expand the ability and mode of "seek ways" and "seek food", and show the diversity of the state of existence, and the diversity of the group itself is diverse. Through many efforts, they have relieved the frustration of the failure of the science examination to a certain extent, were not willing to express their distress and confusion, improved the survival situation of the group, but failed to fundamentally counterbalance the single value judgment of the imperial examination system, obtain sufficient value and change the embarrassment of the grass-roots people. The situation.
In the process of actively expanding the living space and improving the survival situation, the grass-roots people groups make full use of the different values of family, clan and local society, and strengthen the functions and integrity of their people. As the practitioners and disseminators of the Confucian culture in the grass-roots society, their speech and behavior, various education, and teaching activities, As well as the advancement of the cultural content, carrier, and the secularization of the media, it makes an indelible contribution to the development of the Confucian culture, the change and the spread of the grass-roots society. They are familiar with the life ideas of the lower people, the actual needs, and the use of identity advantages to draw inspiration and material from the real life and the bottom culture, and create a large number of them. The works with the characteristics of this group contribute a lot to the development and communication of the popular culture.
The management mode of grass-roots society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties provided a wide platform for the grass-roots group of people. As an important part of the group of scholars, grass-roots scholars have a strong sense of mission and responsibility to improve their living conditions and realize their self value. They actively play a role in the local society through the government or various individual behavior. Although the social activities of the grass-roots people have not formed a certain organization in the local social social activities, their influence is often limited to a small area, but they have obvious quantitative and identity advantages. They are familiar with the subsistence mode of the lower people, have a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the local society, and have witnessed various policies and decrees. The actual utility in the process of the implementation of the body has become the actual executor of many specific affairs during the operation of the local government. In many respects, some deficiencies and deficiencies of the upper class gentry are found, which play an obvious auxiliary and complement to the local gentry's various functions in the grass-roots society. They play various roles in the local society of Shandong. A small and irreplaceable role, and gradually formed a certain group consciousness in this process, showing many group characteristics.
Compared with the farmers, workers and business groups, the percentage of the total population of Shandong is small, and the local society and the lower people have all kinds of obvious practical needs for this group. This fully illustrates that the narrow living space is not due to the expansion of quantity and the excess of personnel. They have sufficient and available social space, but the Ming and Qing Dynasties The strong single value judgment, the strong traditional concept in Shandong area, makes it difficult to fully realize self value outside the science examination, build the confidence of the group, obtain higher survival ability and social activity, and give full play to the duty and mission of the scholar.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248
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