1721-1751年西藏世俗贵族力量的崛起和影响
发布时间：2018-07-28 17:56
【摘要】：1721-1751年西藏世俗贵族政治局面是西藏政体发展过程中较为特殊的一段历史时期。自13世纪以来,西藏地方政体的最突出特点即是任何政权或地方政治力量均直接依托于宗教教派组织而存在。可以说宗教教派组织成为一切政权和政治力量的基本载体,而政权和政治力量也往往直接为其所依附的宗教教派组织谋取利益。因此在这样的历史背景下,宗教人物往往在这种政治格局中扮演着政治权力的代言者。特别是在五世达赖喇嘛时期,格鲁派宗教力量与蒙古军事力量的联盟,确立了格鲁派寺院集团在西藏的统治地位。而清朝“兴黄教,以安众蒙古”的政策,更是对西藏宗教力量的推崇达到了极至。在这种巨大的宗教权势冲击下,世俗贵族力量始终处于边缘化。随着1717年准噶尔势力入侵西藏、1720年清军入藏剿灭准噶尔势力后,清朝结束了利用蒙古势力间接管理西藏的政治局面,进一步推行政教分离的政治策略,大力扶持西藏世俗贵族,开启了世俗贵族掌政的历史新局面,由此实现清朝对西藏地方的直接统治。从1721年噶伦联合掌政到1751年郡王制的彻底瓦解,世俗贵族在清朝的大力扶持下,独揽西藏地方政治权力长达三十年之久,这一时期以达赖喇嘛为代表的宗教集团力量基本被排斥于西藏政局之外。世俗贵族也正是利用这一有利的政治环境,实施了一系列的政治措施,使世俗贵族政治局面得到进一步的巩固和发展。这也直接促使西藏地方的政治呈现出某种程度的世俗化倾向,并对西藏社会产生了深远的影响。首先它不仅促进了西藏地方贵族等级制度的体系化,有限的维护了西藏社会的稳定,同时也为日后世俗贵族阶层政治势力的发展创造了良好的条件,其次它为清朝对西藏地方统治体制从“政教分离”到“政教合一”的过渡产生了重要的影响,为后期西藏噶厦政府内部僧俗势力互相牵制这一政治策略的形成奠定了坚实的基础,最后它为清朝逐步加强中央集权,实现管理西藏直接化完创造了良好的条件。本论文以1721-1751年西藏世俗贵族政治局面的形成、发展及其瓦解为主要研究对象,通过简单梳理世俗贵族在西藏各个历史时期的政治发展道路,对这一阶级的政治命运及政治功用进行了简单的梳理与分析,特别是针对1721-1751年西藏世俗贵族领主与宗教集团之间的关系发展变化、前后藏世俗领主之间的矛盾发展演变以及清朝治藏政策的调整与完善对世俗贵族的影响等,作为本次研究的切入点,力争客观、详实的世俗贵族这一阶层的政治发展道路进行总结、分析家。本论文共分为四个章节进行撰写,具体内容如下;第一章对世俗贵族在18世纪之前的政治发展道路进行了脉络整理,分别对公元7-13世纪即吐蕃王朝与分治割据时期、以及萨迦,帕竹家族式政教合一体制、甘丹颇章政权前期这三个历史时期为切入点,以当时西藏地方政体发展演变的大格局框架下,对世俗贵族这一阶层的政治地位、以及政治力量的变化进行了简要梳理及分析。第二章对1721-1727年世俗贵族政治局面的初步形成,进行脉络梳理。对世俗贵族势力如何把握害己同时重点对世俗贵族政治局面形成的原因以及在这一体制下,西藏地方政治权利的调整等进行了重点论述。其中更对世俗贵族矛盾的形成、发展,激化等进行了总结分析,并对卫藏战争的爆发的原因和结果做了重点论述。第三章对1727-1751年世俗贵族政治局面的进一步巩固进行了论述,以郡王制这一世俗贵族政权为对象,具体将其划分为颇罗鼐及珠尔炠特那木扎勒执政时期两个阶段,对其进行了归纳、分析。尤其针对不同时期僧俗矛盾的发展进行了重点论述,该章节同时也对世俗贵族政权的瓦解及其原因进行了总结分析。第四章对1721-1751年西藏政治世俗化对西藏社会产生的影响进行了重点论述,分别从促进贵族等级制度的体系化、有限维护西藏社会的稳定及促使清朝对西藏统治体制的演变三个角度进行了重点论述。
[Abstract]:The political situation of the Tibet secular aristocracy in the past 1721-1751 years is a relatively special period in the course of the development of Tibet's political system. Since thirteenth Century, the most prominent feature of the Tibet local regime is that any political power or local political power is directly dependent on the Yu Zongjiao sectarian organization. It can be said that the religious sects have become all political and political organizations. The basic carrier of power and the political power and political power often directly benefit the religious sects attached to them. In this historical background, the religious figures often play the political power of the political power. Especially in the period of the fifth Darai Lama, the religious forces of the Georgia and the military power of Mongolia. The consortium established the ruling position of the Georgia monastery group in Tibet, while the policy of "Xing Huang Jiao and Mongolia" in the Qing Dynasty was the most admiration of the religious power of Tibet. Under the impact of the great religious power, the secular aristocracy was always marginalized. With the invasion of Tibet in 1717 and the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, the Junggar forces were in the Qing Dynasty. After the military invasion and suppression of Junggar forces, the Qing Dynasty ended the political situation of the indirect administration of Tibet by the forces of Mongolia, further pushed the political strategy of separation of administrative education, supported the secular aristocracy of Tibet, opened a new situation in the history of the palmar of the secular aristocracy, and thus realized the direct rule of the Qing Dynasty to Tibet. By the complete disintegration of the system of the monarch in 1751, the secular aristocrats supported the Tibet local political power for thirty years under the support of the Qing Dynasty. The religious group power represented by the Darai Lama in this period was basically excluded from the political situation in Tibet. The secular aristocracy was also using this favorable political environment to implement a series of political conditions. Political measures have made the political situation of the secular aristocrats further consolidated and developed. This also directly promoted the politics of Tibet local politics to a certain degree of secularization and had a profound influence on the society of Tibet. First, it not only promoted the systematization of the rank system of the local nobility in Tibet, but also limited the stability of the Tibet society. At the same time, it also created good conditions for the development of the political power of the secular aristocracy in the future. Secondly, it had an important influence on the transition from "separation of politics and religion" to "unity of politics and education" in Tibet's local rule system in the Qing Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the formation of the political strategy of the monks and secular forces within the later Tibet government. In the end it created a good condition for the Qing Dynasty to strengthen centralization gradually and realize the direct management of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty. This paper took the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in Tibet for 1721-1751 years, the development and disintegration of the political situation as the main research object, through a simple combing of the political development road of the secular aristocrats in each historical period of Tibet. The political destiny and political function of this class were briefly combed and analyzed, especially for the development and change of the relationship between the secular lords and the religious groups in Tibet in the past 1721-1751 years, the evolution of the contradictions between the secular lords and the secular leaders, as well as the adjustment and improvement of the policy of the Qing Dynasty to the secular aristocracy, and so on. The entry point of this study is to sum up the political development road of the secular aristocracy, which is objective and detailed. This paper is divided into four chapters, and the specific content is as follows. The first chapter collate the path of political development of the secular aristocracy before eighteenth Century, which is the king of Tubo in the 7-13 century, respectively. In the period of the secular separation between the Dynasty and the division, as well as the system of the family style of politics and religion of Sacha and Pampa, the three historical periods in the early period of the regime of the regime of Tibet were the breakthrough point. The political status of the secular aristocracy, as well as the change of political power, was briefly combed and analyzed under the framework of the development and evolution of the local regime at that time. Second In this chapter, the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocrats in the past 1721-1727 years was reviewed. The reasons for the political situation of the secular aristocracy and the reasons for the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy, as well as the adjustment of the local political rights under this system, were emphatically discussed. The formation and development of the contradictions of the secular aristocrats in Tibet were also discussed. The third chapter discusses the further consolidation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in the 1727-1751 years, and takes the system of the secular aristocracy as the object of the system of the system of the secular aristocracy, and specifically divides it into two times in the period of the ruling period. At the stage, it has carried on the induction and analysis, especially aimed at the development of the contradiction of the monks and customs in different periods. The chapter also summarizes and analyzes the disintegration of the secular aristocracy and its reasons. The fourth chapter focuses on the influence of the secularization of Tibet's political secularization to the social production of Tibet in the 1721-1751 years, and the promotion of the political secularization of the secularization. The systematization of aristocratic hierarchy, the limited maintenance of social stability in Tibet and the three aspects of the Qing Dynasty's evolution of Tibet's governing system were discussed.
【学位授予单位】：西藏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2151147
[Abstract]:The political situation of the Tibet secular aristocracy in the past 1721-1751 years is a relatively special period in the course of the development of Tibet's political system. Since thirteenth Century, the most prominent feature of the Tibet local regime is that any political power or local political power is directly dependent on the Yu Zongjiao sectarian organization. It can be said that the religious sects have become all political and political organizations. The basic carrier of power and the political power and political power often directly benefit the religious sects attached to them. In this historical background, the religious figures often play the political power of the political power. Especially in the period of the fifth Darai Lama, the religious forces of the Georgia and the military power of Mongolia. The consortium established the ruling position of the Georgia monastery group in Tibet, while the policy of "Xing Huang Jiao and Mongolia" in the Qing Dynasty was the most admiration of the religious power of Tibet. Under the impact of the great religious power, the secular aristocracy was always marginalized. With the invasion of Tibet in 1717 and the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, the Junggar forces were in the Qing Dynasty. After the military invasion and suppression of Junggar forces, the Qing Dynasty ended the political situation of the indirect administration of Tibet by the forces of Mongolia, further pushed the political strategy of separation of administrative education, supported the secular aristocracy of Tibet, opened a new situation in the history of the palmar of the secular aristocracy, and thus realized the direct rule of the Qing Dynasty to Tibet. By the complete disintegration of the system of the monarch in 1751, the secular aristocrats supported the Tibet local political power for thirty years under the support of the Qing Dynasty. The religious group power represented by the Darai Lama in this period was basically excluded from the political situation in Tibet. The secular aristocracy was also using this favorable political environment to implement a series of political conditions. Political measures have made the political situation of the secular aristocrats further consolidated and developed. This also directly promoted the politics of Tibet local politics to a certain degree of secularization and had a profound influence on the society of Tibet. First, it not only promoted the systematization of the rank system of the local nobility in Tibet, but also limited the stability of the Tibet society. At the same time, it also created good conditions for the development of the political power of the secular aristocracy in the future. Secondly, it had an important influence on the transition from "separation of politics and religion" to "unity of politics and education" in Tibet's local rule system in the Qing Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the formation of the political strategy of the monks and secular forces within the later Tibet government. In the end it created a good condition for the Qing Dynasty to strengthen centralization gradually and realize the direct management of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty. This paper took the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in Tibet for 1721-1751 years, the development and disintegration of the political situation as the main research object, through a simple combing of the political development road of the secular aristocrats in each historical period of Tibet. The political destiny and political function of this class were briefly combed and analyzed, especially for the development and change of the relationship between the secular lords and the religious groups in Tibet in the past 1721-1751 years, the evolution of the contradictions between the secular lords and the secular leaders, as well as the adjustment and improvement of the policy of the Qing Dynasty to the secular aristocracy, and so on. The entry point of this study is to sum up the political development road of the secular aristocracy, which is objective and detailed. This paper is divided into four chapters, and the specific content is as follows. The first chapter collate the path of political development of the secular aristocracy before eighteenth Century, which is the king of Tubo in the 7-13 century, respectively. In the period of the secular separation between the Dynasty and the division, as well as the system of the family style of politics and religion of Sacha and Pampa, the three historical periods in the early period of the regime of the regime of Tibet were the breakthrough point. The political status of the secular aristocracy, as well as the change of political power, was briefly combed and analyzed under the framework of the development and evolution of the local regime at that time. Second In this chapter, the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocrats in the past 1721-1727 years was reviewed. The reasons for the political situation of the secular aristocracy and the reasons for the formation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy, as well as the adjustment of the local political rights under this system, were emphatically discussed. The formation and development of the contradictions of the secular aristocrats in Tibet were also discussed. The third chapter discusses the further consolidation of the political situation of the secular aristocracy in the 1727-1751 years, and takes the system of the secular aristocracy as the object of the system of the system of the secular aristocracy, and specifically divides it into two times in the period of the ruling period. At the stage, it has carried on the induction and analysis, especially aimed at the development of the contradiction of the monks and customs in different periods. The chapter also summarizes and analyzes the disintegration of the secular aristocracy and its reasons. The fourth chapter focuses on the influence of the secularization of Tibet's political secularization to the social production of Tibet in the 1721-1751 years, and the promotion of the political secularization of the secularization. The systematization of aristocratic hierarchy, the limited maintenance of social stability in Tibet and the three aspects of the Qing Dynasty's evolution of Tibet's governing system were discussed.
【学位授予单位】：西藏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249
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