北魏官俸和爵禄制度研究
发布时间：2018-08-03 15:28
【摘要】：北魏建立伊始,刚刚脱胎于氏族部落制,还带有鲜明的游牧民族特色,畜牧经济、射猎经济所占比重巨大,而此时期官员的收入是依靠掠夺模式下的战利品再分配,即不定期的班赏制度,其获利的主要人群主要是拓跋诸部的宗室、勋贵,依附的部落豪酋以及汉地的宗主。他们随军出征获得大量的赏赐,遂成豪富,而其他官员则逐渐贫困。北魏初期吏治败坏。至孝文帝时,累数代之功,在太和八年班行了俸禄制,开创了以品定俸制度,这项制度不仅为北齐继承且一直延续到了明清,影响深远。论文主要研究北魏官员的官俸和爵禄两个方面,二者共同构成了官员收入的主体。前人对此已有诸多研究,笔者有一些新的想法。笔者认为北魏的班赐制主要有着三个方面的变化:首先从班赐的范围看来,是有一个从随军官员到留台官员的逐渐转变过程;其次从班赐的内容来看,大致上有着从掠夺牲畜到布帛金银等的转变,不过牲畜一直多次出现于历次班赐中;最后,北魏前期的战后班赐以及各项班赐都呈现出一个不断减少的状态。北魏俸禄地方先于中央,且应是由地方俸禄军府食禄转化而来。但其时诸制草创,直到班禄诏后,才从中央到地方建立起制度化的俸禄制。前代学者多注意到道武帝时期的军府食禄,以及献文帝时期在地方上建立了俸禄制度。笔者在查阅史料后,认为其二者是具有继承性的。在《魏书》卷113《官氏志》中记载,文成帝时期“护军转太守”,部分军府的将领成为地方上的太守,将军府食禄也带到了地方,到了献文帝采纳张白泽的上疏后,才在地方上全面建立起俸禄制。俸禄制度颁行后,地方上官员之前享有的俸禄还没有规范化,于是在俸禄诏书班行后一二年间又制定了“依户给俸”和“随地给公田”的制度。班赐制度并没有消失。直至孝文帝在位期间,其在全国颁行囊括中央和地方官员的俸禄制度。而班赐制度也并没有完全的泯没于历史,除献文帝时期没有班赐记录,孝文帝及其后诸帝依旧有班赐,其中的战后班赐,赏赐俘虏等战争掠夺品。只不过次数很少,在官员俸禄中并不占有主要地位,笔者认为这仅是北魏拓跋族汉化后,游牧民族特性的一种制度遗存,也证明终北魏一朝,一直是胡汉杂糅的政治体制。俸禄制班行后,孝文帝完善官僚机构,加强对百官的贪腐整治,吏治得到了澄明。北魏在孝文帝时期建立了七十致仕的制度,从现有的史料记载,部分高级官员在致仕时会受到皇帝的特别礼待,提高官品,从而提高职俸的待遇。同时致仕官员还享有皇帝的不定期赏赐等。班爵食邑制度是在孝文帝时期建立的,北魏初期前代学者已多有论述其是虚封。其主要是保障拓跋族人依靠爵位获得班赏,同时起到对胡族酋帅以及汉族宗主的安抚作用。孝文帝时期虚封开始转向实封,但也同时实封和虚封并存,授王爵者皆是实封。而其他爵位,只有获得“开国”爵称,才是实封。公、侯、伯、子、男爵受封者为神元帝后嗣、外戚、代北十姓贵族、世家大族、胡族酋帅等,这些人大多在朝为官,所以封邑的租税也是他们收入的来源。对官员授爵所获的食邑进行全方面的研究,才能更好的了解和认识到当时官员的实际收入状况。北魏对官俸和爵禄的改革,体现了北魏国家逐渐汉化的过程,其制度为以后的隋唐的制度建设提供很好的积淀和借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was just born out of the clan tribe system, with distinctive nomadic ethnic characteristics, animal husbandry economy, and the huge proportion of hunting economy. In this period, the income of officials was redistributed by the plunder mode, that is, the irregular class reward system. The main profit of the main crowd was the clan of tuoto and postscript, and the LORD was expensive and depended on. The attached tribe Howe, and the master of the Han Dynasty, were expedition to a large number of rewards, and became rich and rich, and the other officials were gradually poor. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, the official officials were corrupted. To the emperor of filial piety for a number of generations, the salary system was set up in the eight years of the Taihe class. The system not only inherited and continued to Beiqi but also continued to the North Qi Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the influence of the official salary and the jazz of the Northern Wei Dynasty was studied in two aspects. The two party constituted the main body of the official income. The predecessors had a lot of research and the author had some new ideas. The author believed that the Northern Wei's class system was mainly changed in three aspects: first, from the scope of the class, there was one from the army. The gradual change process of officials to the officials in Taiwan; secondly, from the contents of the class, there was a change from the looting of livestock to cloth, silk, gold and silver, but the livestock had always appeared in various classes. Finally, the postwar classes and various classes in the early Northern Wei Dynasty showed a state of decreasing. The central government was supposed to be transformed from the local salary of the local salary of the government's salary, but it was not until the imperial edict that the institutionalized salary system was established only after the imperial edict. The former scholars paid more attention to the military food and wealth of the emperor in the period of the Emperor Wu, and the establishment of the salary system in the period of the Emperor Wen emperor. It was inheriting. In the "Wei Shu" volume 113< official records, it was recorded that during the period of the emperor of the Wencheng emperor, "the guards turned Tai Ji", the generals of some military mansion became the local Tai guards, and the general mansion food was brought to the place, and after the emperor adopted Zhang Bai's upper thinning, the local officials had built up a salary system in an all-round way. After the promulgation of the salary system, the local officials In the one or two years after the salary and imperial edict, the system of "according to the household to pay" and "to the public field" was formulated. The system did not disappear. The system of salary of the central and local officials was enactment in the whole country. In addition to the history, there was no class record in the period of emperor Wendi, the emperor of filial piety and his later emperors still had class gifts, among which the war robbing, such as the postwar class, and the reward of the prisoners, was only a few times and did not occupy the main position in the official's salary. The author thought this was only a system of the characteristics of the nomadic people after the Han Dynasty of the Northern Wei Tuo tribe. It was also proved that the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a political system of the hybridity of Hu and Han. After the salary system, Emperor Xiaowen perfected the bureaucracy and strengthened the corruption regulation of the hundred officials. The Northern Wei Dynasty established a system of seventy officials in the period of the emperor of filial piety. From the existing historical records, some senior officials will be given the special gift of the emperor in his official career. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the salary of the official salary. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the unscheduled reward of the emperor. The Lord's appeasement. The virtual seal of the emperor of filial piety began to turn to the real seal, but also the coexistence of the real seal and the virtual seal, and the Wang Jue is the real seal. And the other title, only obtained the "open state" count, was the real seal. The male, the Hou, the son, the Baron were the descendants of the God Yuan emperor, the relatives, the ten aristocrats of the dynasty, the Hu family and the chieftain, and so on, and many of these people's people. In the North Korea, the tax is the source of their income. In order to understand and understand the actual income situation of the officials at that time, a full study of the feeds obtained by the officials can better understand and realize the actual income situation of the officials at that time. The reform of the official salaries and the Jazz in the Northern Wei Dynasty embodies the gradual process of the Han Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its system is the Sui and Tang system in the future. The construction provides a good accumulation and reference.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K239.21
本文编号：2162173
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was just born out of the clan tribe system, with distinctive nomadic ethnic characteristics, animal husbandry economy, and the huge proportion of hunting economy. In this period, the income of officials was redistributed by the plunder mode, that is, the irregular class reward system. The main profit of the main crowd was the clan of tuoto and postscript, and the LORD was expensive and depended on. The attached tribe Howe, and the master of the Han Dynasty, were expedition to a large number of rewards, and became rich and rich, and the other officials were gradually poor. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, the official officials were corrupted. To the emperor of filial piety for a number of generations, the salary system was set up in the eight years of the Taihe class. The system not only inherited and continued to Beiqi but also continued to the North Qi Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the influence of the official salary and the jazz of the Northern Wei Dynasty was studied in two aspects. The two party constituted the main body of the official income. The predecessors had a lot of research and the author had some new ideas. The author believed that the Northern Wei's class system was mainly changed in three aspects: first, from the scope of the class, there was one from the army. The gradual change process of officials to the officials in Taiwan; secondly, from the contents of the class, there was a change from the looting of livestock to cloth, silk, gold and silver, but the livestock had always appeared in various classes. Finally, the postwar classes and various classes in the early Northern Wei Dynasty showed a state of decreasing. The central government was supposed to be transformed from the local salary of the local salary of the government's salary, but it was not until the imperial edict that the institutionalized salary system was established only after the imperial edict. The former scholars paid more attention to the military food and wealth of the emperor in the period of the Emperor Wu, and the establishment of the salary system in the period of the Emperor Wen emperor. It was inheriting. In the "Wei Shu" volume 113< official records, it was recorded that during the period of the emperor of the Wencheng emperor, "the guards turned Tai Ji", the generals of some military mansion became the local Tai guards, and the general mansion food was brought to the place, and after the emperor adopted Zhang Bai's upper thinning, the local officials had built up a salary system in an all-round way. After the promulgation of the salary system, the local officials In the one or two years after the salary and imperial edict, the system of "according to the household to pay" and "to the public field" was formulated. The system did not disappear. The system of salary of the central and local officials was enactment in the whole country. In addition to the history, there was no class record in the period of emperor Wendi, the emperor of filial piety and his later emperors still had class gifts, among which the war robbing, such as the postwar class, and the reward of the prisoners, was only a few times and did not occupy the main position in the official's salary. The author thought this was only a system of the characteristics of the nomadic people after the Han Dynasty of the Northern Wei Tuo tribe. It was also proved that the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty was a political system of the hybridity of Hu and Han. After the salary system, Emperor Xiaowen perfected the bureaucracy and strengthened the corruption regulation of the hundred officials. The Northern Wei Dynasty established a system of seventy officials in the period of the emperor of filial piety. From the existing historical records, some senior officials will be given the special gift of the emperor in his official career. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the salary of the official salary. At the same time, the official officials also enjoyed the unscheduled reward of the emperor. The Lord's appeasement. The virtual seal of the emperor of filial piety began to turn to the real seal, but also the coexistence of the real seal and the virtual seal, and the Wang Jue is the real seal. And the other title, only obtained the "open state" count, was the real seal. The male, the Hou, the son, the Baron were the descendants of the God Yuan emperor, the relatives, the ten aristocrats of the dynasty, the Hu family and the chieftain, and so on, and many of these people's people. In the North Korea, the tax is the source of their income. In order to understand and understand the actual income situation of the officials at that time, a full study of the feeds obtained by the officials can better understand and realize the actual income situation of the officials at that time. The reform of the official salaries and the Jazz in the Northern Wei Dynasty embodies the gradual process of the Han Dynasty in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its system is the Sui and Tang system in the future. The construction provides a good accumulation and reference.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K239.21
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