略论明代言官规谏皇帝

发布时间：2018-08-23 18:50

【摘要】：明代言官是六科给事中和十三道监察御史的简称，以人数众多，位卑权重，活跃于言路著称，明代言官肩负着谏君劾臣的重要职能。首先，简要介绍言官与明代皇帝之间的互动。明代君主在言论上皆鼓励直言，然而，为了维护皇统的巩固地位，明代君主从建国开始就想方设法的削弱言官的权力，决不允许言官限制至高无上的皇权。所以，对最高统治者指手画脚，无疑是批逆鳞，捋虎须，会招来杀身之祸。但是，对于乾纲独揽的天子，明代亦不乏犯颜敢谏之臣。其次，探讨明代言官与皇帝之间的关系。对于明代言官勇于规谏皇帝的原因，可以分析言官的选任，选任的言官要有很高的品质，以便保证其可以规谏皇帝，纠弹官僚；较低的品秩，，以便确保其自励奋进，敢于直谏劾举；还要有严格的定期考核，以便对言官起到促进监督作用。对于皇帝对言官的态度，分为鼓励言官和打击摧抑言官。明代皇帝在很多场合是鼓励言官进谏的，但是，对于自高无上的皇帝，无论真心纳谏与否，都要表现出鼓励直言纳谏的诚意，留从言纳谏的美名。言官诤谏之难，自古皆然，在言官进言与皇帝纳言之间，君主拥有凌驾于一切之上的特权，所以显然君主掌握着主动权，加上明代君主整体上君德缺失，所以对言官多加打击，以至明后期言官的分化蜕变，忠直勇谏的言官逐渐减少，腐朽堕落蜕变的言官逐渐增多。最后，关于明代言官的价值观的论述，作为明代士人群体重要组成部分的言官，他们有着自己的精神信仰，“道高于君”，“从道不从君”的卫“道”精神，捍卫“道统”的牺牲精神，从而才能真正做到“国而忘家，忠而忘身”。言官认为，君主应该以儒家的“道”来进行统治治理国家，用“道”来规范自己的行为，也就是说要施行仁政。在明代的文化生命中，明代言官认为他们所代表的“道统”，比君主所代表的“政统”更加重要，他们坚持以“道”的标准来批判社会和政治。正是他们的这种儒家立场，正是这种他们认为自己拥有责无旁贷的义务，成为了明代以儒家安身立命的言官的精神支撑与道德力量。
[Abstract]:The speech official of Ming Dynasty is the abbreviation of "six branches" and thirteen ways of supervising the imperial history. It is famous for its large number of people, low weight and active in the speech, and the official of the Ming Dynasty shoulders the important function of advising the emperor to impeach his subject. First of all, it briefly introduces the interaction between Yan Guan and Ming emperor. The monarch of Ming Dynasty all encouraged to speak frankly in his speech. However, in order to maintain the consolidation of the imperial system, the monarch of the Ming Dynasty tried his best to weaken the power of the speaker from the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, and would not allow him to restrict the supreme power of the emperor. Therefore, to judge the supreme ruler is undoubtedly a criticism of the scale, tiger and beard, will lead to murder. However, for Qiangang's exclusive son of Heaven, the Ming Dynasty also did not have the courage to remonstrance. Secondly, it discusses the relationship between the officials and emperors in Ming Dynasty. As to the reasons why the speech officials of the Ming Dynasty had the courage to admonish the emperor, we can analyze the selection of the speech officials, and the choice of the language officials should have a very high quality so as to ensure that they can remonstrate the emperor and correct the bureaucrats; and lower the rank of goods so as to ensure that they are motivated to advance themselves. Dare to direct impeachment; also have strict periodic assessment, in order to promote the role of supervision of the speaker. For the emperor's attitude towards the speech officer, divided into encouraging language officials and fighting against the speech officials. The emperor of the Ming Dynasty encouraged the expostor on many occasions, but for the emperor who was supreme in his own right, whether he was sincere or not, he should show the sincerity of encouraging him to accept the admonition, and retain the reputation of accepting the admonition from the word. Since ancient times, the monarch has the privilege of overriding everything between the speech of the official and the emperor's speech. So obviously the monarch has the initiative power, and the emperor of the Ming Dynasty as a whole lacked the monarch's moral integrity, so he dealt more blows to the speech officials. Even in the late Ming Dynasty, the differentiation and transformation of the speech officials, the number of honest and brave remonstrants gradually decreased, and the number of decadent and degenerate language officials gradually increased. Finally, as an important part of the group of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, they have their own spiritual beliefs, "Tao is higher than the monarch", "from the Tao does not follow the monarch" Wei "spirit. Only by defending the sacrificial spirit of Taoism, can we truly achieve the goal of "forgetting one's country and one's family, faithful and forgetting one's own body." According to Yan Guan, the monarch should rule and govern the country with Confucian Tao, and regulate his own behavior with Tao, that is to say, to implement benevolent government. In the cultural life of the Ming Dynasty, the officials of the Ming Dynasty thought that the "Taoism" they represented was more important than the "political unity" represented by the monarch, and they insisted on criticizing society and politics according to the standard of "Tao". It was their Confucian position that they thought they had an unshirkable duty and became the spiritual support and moral strength of the Confucianists in the Ming Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K248;D691

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