孙权帝业研究

发布时间：2018-09-19 09:23

【摘要】：220年,曹丕代汉称帝。221年,刘备以继汉自居。孙权在曹丕、刘备称帝后,面临着自立称帝,还是归顺魏、蜀的政治抉择。政权内部的不稳固和外部形势的危急迫使孙权放弃自立称帝。汉魏嬗代的合法性,以及孙、曹在建安年间陆续形成的婚宦关系又促使孙权向魏称藩,而非归蜀。222年,孙权成为魏属吴王,改元黄武。向魏称藩,并不是放弃帝业,恰恰是服务于建立皇权的终极政治构想。曹操废二十等爵、建立五等爵的政治举措,突破了汉“非刘氏不王”的国体原则,不仅促成了汉、魏皇权转移,也为孙权作为异姓,却可以称藩王创造了体制上的可能。孙权向魏称藩,表面上臣服于魏,实是承汉末“郡国本位化”所造成的分裂趋势,借王国体制,将国内“任侠”“师友”关系,一变而为“君臣”关系,在封国内自成系统,完成了由汉末江东割据政权向王国政权之转化,使其合法化。向魏称藩,还有一层巧用,变“舍汉归吴”为“舍魏归吴”,消除了部属的名节顾虑,让我们看到了孙权为争取政权正统性所作的努力,完美的诠释了其作为政治家的政治智慧和勇气魄力。经过“黄武之政”七年(222—229)艰难酝酿,孙权于黄龙元年(229)开基建国,由魏属王国之吴王转化为吴大帝,才得以爬上权力巅峰。孙氏政权由吴王国升格为吴王朝。它是东汉政治分裂的结果,又是江东政治统一孕育新生皇权的产物。这七年有三方面内容:第一、孙吴两大军功受益集团——淮泗集团和江东集团渐趋融合,江东集团成为政权统治阶层。第二、消除以地方大族为首的山越与汉人联合反抗孙吴统治的动乱,加速山越汉化。第三、淮泗集团“尊汉派”人物张昭渐次被排挤出政治军事核心,栖身建业,在政治上再没有别的作为。前两个学界已有定论,第三点是论述的重点。孙吴皇权的法统依据在于孙氏集团的三次质变。与僭号称帝的袁术绝交,由政权体制外之非法组织,一变而为既存汉政权一部分,此其一;汉魏嬗代,向魏称藩,建立吴王国政权,此其二;黄龙元年称帝,建立吴帝国政权,此其三。孙吴宣扬皇权权威性与合法性的手段主要有四种,一是利用符瑞和符瑞年号,二是否定汉魏嬗代合法性,三是宣扬孙权军功,四是表达天命意志。黄龙元年(229)孙权建号称帝,定都建业,开启了建业作为都城的历史,此后建业开始具备皇权因素。在此之前,孙吴政治中心历经多次变迁。建业从普通县级城市,先后上升为江边重镇、丹阳郡郡治、一国之都。都城是一个政权的政治中心,孙权最终选择定都建业,必定有多方面考量,因为它将影响政权的稳固和国祚的长短。平衡国内两大地域集团以及皇权与地域集团的势力、镇抚山越是促使当政者定都建业的关键性因素,两者分别揭示了都城背后的政治文化意义和民族融合背景。
[Abstract]:In 220 years, Cao Pi was the emperor of Han Dynasty. In 221, Liu Bei regarded himself as the successor of Han Dynasty. Sun Quan, after Cao Pi and Liu Bei became emperor, was faced with the political choice of obeying Wei and Shu. The internal instability of the regime and the crisis of the external situation forced Sun Quan to give up independence and become emperor. The legitimacy of the Han and Wei dynasties, as well as the relationship between Sun and Cao in the reign of Jian'an, prompted Sun Quan to call the Wei vassal, not to return to Shu. In 222, Sun Quan became the king of the Wei Dynasty and changed to Huang Wu in the Yuan Dynasty. It is the ultimate political conception to serve the establishment of imperial power. Cao abolished the 20th grade viscount and established the fifth rank viscount, which broke through the state system principle of "non-Liu 's not king" in Han Dynasty. It not only contributed to the transfer of power in Han and Wei dynasties, but also created the institutional possibility for Sun Quan to be regarded as a different surname, but could be said to be a vassal king. Sun Quan called the vassal to Wei, surrendering to Wei on the surface, is really the split trend caused by the "county country standard" in the late Han Dynasty. By using the kingdom system, he changed the relationship of "appointed Xia" and "teacher and friend" into a "monarch and minister" relationship, and established a system in the country. Completed from the end of the Han Dynasty Jiangdong separatist regime to the Kingdom regime transformation, make it legalized. To the Wei Dynasty, there is a layer of skillful use, changing from "sheihan to Wu" to "give up the Wei to return to Wu," which eliminates the worries of his subordinates, and shows us Sun Quan's efforts to fight for the orthodoxy of the political power. It perfectly interprets his political wisdom and courage as a politician. After seven years (222-229), Sun Quan was founded in the first year of Huanglong (229) and transformed from the King of Wu of the Kingdom of Wei to the Emperor of Wu before he was able to climb to the top of power. Sun's regime was upgraded from Wu Kingdom to Wu Dynasty. It is the result of the political division of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the product of the political unity of Jiangdong giving birth to the new imperial power. There are three contents in these seven years: first, the Huai Si Group and the Jiangdong Group gradually merged, and the Jiangdong Group became the ruling class of the regime. Second, eliminate the chaos of Shan-Yue and the Han people against the rule of Soon-Wu, and accelerate the Sinicization of Mountain and Yue. Third, Zhang Zhaomizi, a figure in Huai Si Group, was pushed out of the core of political and military affairs. The first two academic circles have reached a conclusion, the third point is the focus of the discussion. The legal system of Sun Wu is based on the three qualitative changes of Sun's Group. Yuan Shu, who broke with the unauthorized name of the emperor, was changed from an illegal organization outside the regime into a part of the existing Han regime, one of which was the Han Dynasty; the Han and Wei dynasties were called vassals to the Wei Dynasty and established the regime of the Kingdom of Wu. Second, Huanglong was the emperor in the first year and established the regime of the Wu Empire. This is the third. There are four kinds of means by which Sun Wu preaches the authority and legitimacy of imperial power, one is to use Fu Rui and Fu Ruignian, the other is to deny the legitimacy of Han and Wei dynasties, the third is to preach Sun Quan's military merit, and the fourth is to express the will of Heaven. In the first year of Huanglong (229), Sun Quan established himself as emperor and established his capital, which opened the history of building industry as a capital city, and then began to have imperial power factors. Before this, the Soong-Wu political center went through many changes. Jianye from the ordinary county-level cities, has risen to the riverside town, Danyang County, a capital of the country. The capital city is the political center of a regime. Sun Quan's final choice of capital and industry must have many considerations, because it will affect the stability of the regime and the length of the country. Balancing the influence of the two regional groups and the imperial power and regional group, the Zhenfu Mountain Yue is the key factor to promote the establishment of the capital. They reveal the political and cultural significance behind the capital city and the background of ethnic integration respectively.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K236

【参考文献】