西汉反货币思想研究

发布时间：2018-10-11 18:10

【摘要】：货币化是人类社会商品货币经济发展到一定程度的产物,而反货币思想是货币化发展到一定水平的产物。反货币思想贯穿于整个中国古代,并有着相当程度的影响。学术界对反货币思想的研究还很薄弱,目前尚无专著和专文,对反货币思想作断代研究更是空白,仅有相关论著涉及反货币思想的部分内容。反货币思想是各种反对货币的思想的总和,以现代的眼光来看,它是一种开历史倒车的思想,是对社会经济环境的过激反应,是货币经济发展到一定水平时的特定产物。西汉的货币问题有两方面,一是货币制度,二是货币思想,而反货币思想从属于货币思想。货币制度问题往往直接催生了货币思想,而货币思想则给予实际的货币制度以理论指导,并提供解决问题的方法。西汉的货币思想往往是针对实际的货币或其他社会问题而形成发展起来的,是为实际的经济货币问题寻找对策。西汉社会主要使用两种金属货币:首先是铜钱,其次是黄金。西汉反货币论者所反对的货币是金属货币,主要是金属铸币铜钱,其次是黄金。其中铜钱为铸币,而黄金是称量货币。随着西汉货币化进程负面影响的加剧,反货币思想表现得越来越激烈,呈递进式发展。从其演变上看,西汉反货币思想有三个递进层次:一是萌芽期,在理论上否定货币的价值,即陆贾、贾山的“货币无用论”,认为“钱者,亡用器也”。二是发展期,在理论和实践上贬低货币的作用,即晁错的“贱货币论”,认为“是故明君贵五谷而贱金玉”。三是成熟期,要求废除货币,取消商品货币经济,回到没有货币的原始经济时代,即贡禹的“反货币论”。他认为“宜罢采珠玉金银铸钱之官,亡复以为币,市井勿得贩卖,除其租铢之律,租税禄赐皆以布帛及谷”。但由于种种原因,汉元帝并未接受该提议。通过历史的考察,西汉反货币思想的影响主要有以下三个方面:首先,西汉反货币思想对当时政府的决策有一定程度的影响,比如,晁错提出“以粟为赏罚”“入粟拜爵”。其次,西汉反货币思想在人们对货币的认识方面有很大影响,比如从吃穿的角度看货币,从道德的角度看货币。这导致了中国古代对货币的认识落入窠臼而缺少深入的研究。最后,西汉反货币思想对强化农本思想的作用方面有较大影响,因为反货币思想和农本思想有着内在的一致性。宏观地来看,西汉反货币思想巩固了西汉的封建政权,因为它维护的是封建政权得以存在的经济基础——小农经济。此外,西汉反货币思想对货币化起到了不小的阻碍作用,在一定程度上造成了经济发展的相对停滞。因为相对于农业,工商业对经济的拉动作用更大。总的来说,西汉反货币思想的影响几乎都是负面的,因而西汉反货币思想实际上是一种不可取的开历史倒车的思想。
[Abstract]:Monetization is the product of the development of commodity monetary economy in human society to a certain extent, while the anti-monetary thought is the product of monetization to a certain level. Anti-monetary thought throughout ancient China, and has a considerable impact. Academic research on anti-monetary thought is still very weak, there are no monographs and articles at present, the anti-monetary thought research is blank, only related works involve some content of anti-monetary thought. Anti-monetary thought is the summation of all kinds of anti-money thoughts. From a modern perspective, it is a kind of thought of turning back history, overreacting to social and economic environment, and a special product when money economy develops to a certain level. There are two aspects of the money problem in the Western Han Dynasty, one is the monetary system, the other is the money thought, and the anti-monetary thought is subordinate to the monetary thought. The problem of monetary system often gives birth to the thought of money directly, and the thought of money gives theoretical guidance to the actual monetary system and provides the method to solve the problem. The thought of money in the Western Han Dynasty was often formed in the light of actual currency or other social problems, and it was to seek countermeasures for the actual economic monetary problems. The West Han Dynasty mainly used two kinds of metal currency: first, copper money, then gold. The currency opposed by the anti-monetary theorists in the Western Han Dynasty was metal currency, mainly metal coins and copper coins, followed by gold. Among them copper money is coin, and gold is weighing currency. With the intensification of the negative influence of the monetization process in the Western Han Dynasty, the anti-monetary thought became more and more intense and developed in a progressive manner. In terms of its evolution, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has three progressive levels: first, in its infancy, it theoretically negates the value of money, that is, Lu Jia and Jia Shan's theory of "money is useless". Second, the development period, in theory and practice belittling the role of money, namely Chao's "cheap money theory", that is, "the Ming Jun is expensive and cheap gold jade." Third, mature period, demand to abolish currency, cancel commodity money economy, return to the age of primitive economy without money, namely Gong Yu's "anti-monetary theory". He thought that "it is appropriate for officials who cast money from pearl jade, gold and silver, to be found dead, and not to be sold in the market, except for the law of the baht, all of which are given to them by cloth, silk and valley." However, for various reasons, the emperor did not accept the proposal. Through the historical investigation, the influence of the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty mainly has the following three aspects: first, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has a certain degree of influence on the decision-making of the government at that time. Secondly, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had great influence on people's understanding of currency, such as looking at currency from the point of food and clothing, and from the point of view of morality. This led to the Chinese ancient understanding of the currency into a rut and lack of in-depth research. Finally, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had a great influence on strengthening the function of the peasant thought, because the anti-currency thought and the peasant thought had the internal consistency. From a macro point of view, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty consolidated the feudal regime of the Western Han Dynasty, because it maintained the economic basis of the existence of the feudal regime-the small-scale peasant economy. In addition, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty played a significant role in hindering the monetization, resulting in the relative stagnation of economic development to a certain extent. Because of relative to agriculture, industry and commerce to the economic pull effect is bigger. In general, the influence of anti-monetary thought in the Western Han Dynasty is almost negative, so the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty is actually an undesirable idea of turning back history.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：F822.9;K234.1

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