清代沂沭河流域自然灾害与社会应对研究

发布时间：2018-12-15 04:40

【摘要】：沂、沭两河流贯鲁南、苏北地区,两岸土地肥沃,开发历史悠久,孕育了灿烂的区域文化。然而,自1194年黄河夺淮以来,自然环境不断变迁,致灾因素渐增,以农业为主的单一经济结构,以及欠发达的商业、相对闭塞的交通状况等因素不足以抵御自然灾害的侵袭。有清一代267年间,该地区主要的自然灾害类型有:洪涝、旱蝗、地震、冰雹等。由于流域内气候条件、社会环境以及各州县地理条件的差异等多方面综合因素的影响,灾害的时空分布状况亦表现出一定的差异性。但总的来说,流域内自然灾害的发生具有灾害类型多、波及范围广、多灾并发且连续性强、破坏性大等特点。沂沭河流域频繁的自然灾害对于区域内社会发展,尤其是对农耕社会的影响是广泛而深远的。首先,频发的灾害直接或间接地戕害着人民的生命,大量的人口死亡或迁移,使得当地人口结构发生变化。其次,它也影响了当地农业生产的稳定性,导致了土地面积的减少、地权的转移、耕作制度变化、粮食价格波动、耕牛的宰杀或买卖等情况,滞后了农业发展的速度与水平。最后,它造成了当地社会政治的不安定,各种形式的社会矛盾层出不穷。可以说,自然灾害的影响已经深入到社会发展的各个方面,影响了整个区域的发展水平。清代集历代荒政之大成,在相对完善的救灾体制之下,清政府前期抗灾救灾的应对措施是卓有成效的。然而,随着封建社会政治的衰败,清后期在这一地区的应对措施呈颓废局面,民间自发组织的抗灾救灾应对活动则成为社会应对的主流,在给予其肯定的同时对其救灾的实际效果不可估计过高。
[Abstract]:Yi, Shuhe two rivers run through the south of Shandong and north of Jiangsu. The land on both sides of the bank is fertile, the history of development is long, and the splendid regional culture has been conceived. However, since the Yellow River seized the Huaihe River in 1194, the natural environment has been constantly changing, and the factors causing disasters have gradually increased. The single economic structure dominated by agriculture, the underdeveloped commerce, the relatively closed traffic conditions and other factors are not enough to resist the attack of natural disasters. During the 267 years of Qing Dynasty, the main types of natural disasters in this area were flood, drought locust, earthquake, hail and so on. Due to the influence of many factors such as climatic conditions, social environment and geographical conditions of counties and states, the temporal and spatial distribution of disasters also shows some differences. But in general, the occurrence of natural disasters in the basin is characterized by many types of disasters, wide range of disasters, multiple disasters, strong continuity and great destruction. The frequent natural disasters in the Yi-Shuhe River Basin have a wide and far-reaching impact on the social development of the region, especially on the farming society. First, frequent disasters directly or indirectly kill people's lives, a large number of people die or migrate, making the local population structure changes. Secondly, it also affects the stability of local agricultural production, resulting in the reduction of land area, the transfer of land rights, the change of farming system, the fluctuation of grain price, the slaughter or sale of cattle, and so on, which lags behind the speed and level of agricultural development. Finally, it caused local social and political instability, various forms of social contradictions emerge in endlessly. It can be said that the impact of natural disasters has penetrated into all aspects of social development, affecting the level of development throughout the region. Under the relatively perfect disaster relief system, the early response measures of Qing government were effective. However, with the decline of feudal society and politics, the response measures in this area in the late Qing Dynasty were decadent, and the folk spontaneous organization of disaster relief response activities became the mainstream of social response. The actual effect of disaster relief should not be overestimated while giving its affirmation.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249;X43

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