从拟稿到补纂本—《明史》本纪编纂研究

发布时间：2019-03-08 16:26

【摘要】：《明史》是“二十四史”的最后一部,也是历代官修正史纂修时间最长、参与人员最多的一部史书。当时学者就以其体例严整,叙事简括,对其评价颇高；亦有人认为其议论公允,考稽详核,超越前代诸史。而本纪作为《明史》的重要组成部分,其编纂过程不仅具有《明史》编纂的一系列特征,又由于本纪自身的特殊性,因此更能凸显《明史》编纂过程中存在的诸多问题。《明史》本纪囊括了明代政治、军事、经济、文化、边防、民族、外交等方方面面的内容。其依时记事,专记帝王一人,书一朝之大事,列一代之诸帝,内容攸关政权的合法性与朝代正朔,是正史中最具政治内涵的部分。而清以边疆少数民族政权入主华夏,与中原既有民族差异,又有文化隔阂,其执政中国的合法性广受质疑。因此,清朝对《明史》编纂十分重视,而对本纪部分的书写尤为关注。据现存史稿的形态来看,《明史》本纪编纂前后主要经历了六个阶段。第一阶段为博学鸿儒分纂本纪拟稿时期,其中《潜庵先生拟明史稿》中的《太祖本纪》即为此时期现存的重要成果。第二阶段为万斯同受聘于徐氏兄弟,参与并主要负责审定史稿时期,416卷本《明史》本纪基本上就是这一时期的编纂成果。第三阶段当为313卷本《明史纪传》的本纪修纂时期。第四阶段为王鸿绪《明史稿》本纪修纂时期。康熙后期,《明史》纂修几近停滞,王鸿绪以一人之力,继续推动《明史》纂修,其《明史稿》本纪即是《明史》本纪编纂的第四阶段成果。第五阶段为张廷玉等纂修殿本《明史》本纪时期。’雍正初,清朝又召集史官纂修《明史》,至乾隆四年,殿本《明史》刊印,《明史》本纪修纂基本完成。第六阶段为英廉等补纂《明史本纪》时期。乾隆四十二年,清朝出于加强思想教化的政治需要,将殿本《明史》的本纪部分单独抽离,重新编纂,最后形成补纂本二十四卷《明史本纪》。此即《明史》本纪编纂之大概。本文以本纪为视角,通过对不同纂修阶段稿本的对比,从而揭示殿本《明史》编纂过程中出现的诸多问题,及其对《明史》编纂的内容、进度、思想的影响,从而考察《明史》不同编纂阶段稿本之间的内在联系和前后承袭的真实状况,总结《明史》编纂的经验及教训,使人们对《明史》有一个更清晰的认识。
[Abstract]:The History of the Ming Dynasty is the last one of the Twenty-fourth History. It is also a history book with the longest compilation time and the largest number of attendees. At that time, scholars on his strict style, narrative brief, quite high evaluation of it; some people think that his comments are fair, detailed examination, beyond the previous generations of history. As an important part of the History of the Ming Dynasty, the compilation process of this discipline not only has a series of characteristics of the compilation of the History of the Ming Dynasty, but also can highlight many problems existing in the compilation process of the History of the Ming Dynasty because of its own particularity. This discipline covers the political, military, economic, cultural, frontier, national, diplomatic and other aspects of the Ming Dynasty. His chronicle is devoted to the monarchs, books and emperors, and lists the emperors of a generation, which concerns the legitimacy of the regime and the Zhengshuo of the dynasty, and is the most politically meaningful part in the history of orthodoxy. In Qing Dynasty, the legitimacy of ruling China was questioned because of the ethnic differences and cultural estrangement between the Qing Dynasty and the Central Plains, when the ethnic minority regime in the border areas became the master of Huaxia. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the compilation of Ming History, especially to the writing of this discipline. According to the form of the existing historical manuscripts, there are six stages before and after the compilation of this discipline. The first stage is the period during which Bo Xuehong compiled the draft of this discipline, in which "Taizu Benji" in "Mr. Qianan's draft of History" is an important achievement in this period. In the second stage, Wansi was employed by the Xu brothers, participated in and was mainly responsible for the examination and approval of historical manuscripts, 416 volumes of the Ming History, this discipline is basically the compilation of the achievements of this period. The third stage should be the compilation period of this discipline of 313 volumes of the History of the Ming Dynasty. The fourth stage is Wang Hongxu's compilation period of this discipline. In the late Kangxi period, the compilation of the Ming History nearly stagnated, and Wang Hongxu continued to promote the compilation of the Ming History with the help of one person, and this discipline was the fourth stage of the compilation of the Ming History. The fifth stage was compiled by Zhang Tingyu and so on. In the early days of Yongzheng, the historians of the Qing Dynasty were called together to compile and practice the History of the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth year of the Qianlong period, the Dianban was published, and the compilation of this discipline of the History of the Ming Dynasty was basically completed. The sixth stage is the period of Ying Lian et al. In the forty-two years of Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty, out of the political need of strengthening ideological education, separated and recompiled the part of this discipline of the Dianben History of the Ming Dynasty, and finally formed a supplementary edition of the Book of the History of the Ming Dynasty in twenty-four volumes. This is about the compilation of this discipline of the Ming History. From the perspective of this discipline, through the comparison of the manuscripts in different compilation stages, this paper reveals many problems in the compilation process of the Dianban, and its influence on the contents, progress and thought of the compilation of the Ming History. In order to make people have a clearer understanding of the history of Ming Dynasty, this paper investigates the internal relations between the manuscripts in different compilation stages of Ming Dynasty and the true situation inherited from before and after, and sums up the experience and lessons of compiling the History of the Ming Dynasty in order to make people have a clearer understanding of the compilation of the manuscripts of the Ming History.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248

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