明代河南地区黄河水患与治理思想研究
发布时间：2019-03-31 13:27
【摘要】：本文试图从明朝黄河水患发生的事实状况与河南地区治河方略的关系演变为出发点,阐述明代河南地区黄河水患发生的状况,重点论述黄河水患在河南地区多发的历史现实与明王朝“漕运”这一政治因素受控下的明代河南地区治黄思想之间微妙的关系,正是由于维系明代经济命脉之“漕运”的影响,明代黄河河南一段,河道淤积严重,形成地上悬河,加之河道不稳定,泛滥突发性强,预见期短,导致决溢改道频繁,水患灾害严重。又由于河南作为“九州腹地,十省通衢”,作为统治的重要区域,明王朝在河南段花费了比过去任何一个朝代都要巨大的多的人力、物力、财力来治河。 由于元末长期征伐,民生凋敝,黄淮流域遭到的破坏极其严重,这一时期,黄河历经数次改道,决溢更是频繁,然改道决溢在明前期直至中期近一百五十年间几乎十之八九发生在今河南境内,后期河患在河南稍减,这一现象的背后有其深刻的自然及历史原因的。明初鉴于国力困乏,没有对黄河进行大规模的治理。自朱棣迁都北京后,为调运江南的粮食,开始修复运河,自此,“漕运”演变成由统治阶级的经济命脉转化而成的一个十分重要的政治问题,而穿越运河入海的黄河此刻起与“漕运”结下不解之缘。自永乐后的两百多年间,黄河的治理始终是在“保漕”这个政治前提下一步步展开的。明王朝对治河的投入超过了之前的任何一个时代,仅就在河南境内而言,统治者就斥巨资来修堵黄河,同时涌现出一大批治河专家,终明一代,治河分流论一直占据主导,明代河南治河代表人物几乎都是分流论的倡导及拥护者,他们的治河思想前后推进,虽不能根治黄患,但对明后期治黄大家潘季驯的治河思想的形成和实施提供了重要参考,为中国治黄史高峰的出现起到了一定的助推作用,所以这一时期河南治黄思想仍旧值得我们借鉴和推崇。这一时期河南地区治理所产生的特有治河方略,行之有效的水情监测预报、培筑堤工、加固修守堤防、堤防养护、抢险堵口等都为我们现下黄患的治理提供了借鉴。然此时治河、治运、治淮交织进行,情况错综复杂,治理难度前所未有,由于交织治理,河道的紊乱也超过了之前的任何一个时期,而明代河南黄患及河防则是中国黄患及河防的重中之重。终明王朝两百多年,黄河决溢,水患横生,“平地成湖、一望弥漫”、“千村万落漂没一空”等水患记载不时见诸于史书,黄河给这一时期的河南人民带来了深重的灾难。
[Abstract]:Based on the relationship between the occurrence of Yellow River flooding in Ming Dynasty and the strategy of river regulation in Henan Province, this paper expounds the occurrence of Yellow River flooding in Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty, and tries to explain the situation of Yellow River flooding in Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty. This paper focuses on the subtle relationship between the historical reality of the frequent occurrence of the Yellow River flooding in Henan and the Ming Dynasty's thought of governance of the Yellow River under the control of the political factor of "water transport" in the Ming Dynasty, precisely because of the influence of the "water transport" which maintained the economic lifeline of the Ming Dynasty. In the first section of the Yellow River in the Ming Dynasty, the river channel was silted seriously and suspended on the ground. In addition, the river course was unstable, the flood burst was strong, and the forecast period was short, which led to frequent overflowing and diversion and serious flood disaster. Because Henan, as "the hinterland of Kyushu and ten provinces", as an important area under the rule, the Ming Dynasty spent a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to govern the river in Henan than any other dynasty in the past. As a result of the long-term expedition at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the destitution of the people, the Huang-Huai Basin was severely damaged. During this period, the Yellow River experienced several changes in its course and the decisive overflow was even more frequent. However, during the past 150 years from the early Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, nearly nine out of ten of the river overflows occurred in Henan, and the number of river disasters decreased slightly in Henan in the later period. There are deep natural and historical reasons behind this phenomenon. In the early Ming Dynasty, there was no large-scale governance of the Yellow River in view of the lack of national strength. After Chu moved to Beijing, he began to repair the canal in order to transfer grain from the south of the Yangtze River. Since then, "water transport" has evolved into a very important political issue transformed from the economic lifeline of the ruling class. The Yellow River, which crossed the canal into the sea, is now inextricably linked to "water transport." For more than 200 years since Yongle, the governance of the Yellow River has been carried out step by step under the political premise of "Baocao". The Ming Dynasty invested more in regulating the river than in any previous era. In Henan Province alone, the rulers spent a great deal of money to block the Yellow River, and at the same time, a large number of experts in river regulation emerged, and the ultimate generation of Ming Dynasty, the theory of river diversion has always dominated. The representative figures of Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty were almost all advocates and advocates of the theory of diversion. Although their thought of regulating the river advanced forward and forward, they could not cure the Yellow River, but it provided an important reference for the formation and implementation of Pan Ji-tun's thought of regulating the Yellow River in the late Ming Dynasty. It has played a certain role in promoting the emergence of the peak of the history of governance of Yellow River in China, so the thought of regulating Yellow River in Henan Province during this period is still worthy of our reference and praise. The special strategy of river regulation, effective monitoring and forecasting of water regime, construction of dikes, reinforcement and maintenance of dykes, emergency and blockage in Henan during this period all provide us with reference for the treatment of the present Yellow River disaster. However, at this time, the management of the river, the management of the transport, and the management of the Huaihe River are intertwined, and the situation is complex and the management difficulty is unprecedented. The Yellow disaster and River Defense in Henan Province in Ming Dynasty was the most important one in China. For more than 200 years in the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River overflowed, the waters were flooded, "flat lakes, filled with water", "thousands of villages drifting away," and other flood records were found in historical books from time to time. The Yellow River brought serious disasters to the people of Henan in this period.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2450945
[Abstract]:Based on the relationship between the occurrence of Yellow River flooding in Ming Dynasty and the strategy of river regulation in Henan Province, this paper expounds the occurrence of Yellow River flooding in Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty, and tries to explain the situation of Yellow River flooding in Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty. This paper focuses on the subtle relationship between the historical reality of the frequent occurrence of the Yellow River flooding in Henan and the Ming Dynasty's thought of governance of the Yellow River under the control of the political factor of "water transport" in the Ming Dynasty, precisely because of the influence of the "water transport" which maintained the economic lifeline of the Ming Dynasty. In the first section of the Yellow River in the Ming Dynasty, the river channel was silted seriously and suspended on the ground. In addition, the river course was unstable, the flood burst was strong, and the forecast period was short, which led to frequent overflowing and diversion and serious flood disaster. Because Henan, as "the hinterland of Kyushu and ten provinces", as an important area under the rule, the Ming Dynasty spent a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to govern the river in Henan than any other dynasty in the past. As a result of the long-term expedition at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the destitution of the people, the Huang-Huai Basin was severely damaged. During this period, the Yellow River experienced several changes in its course and the decisive overflow was even more frequent. However, during the past 150 years from the early Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, nearly nine out of ten of the river overflows occurred in Henan, and the number of river disasters decreased slightly in Henan in the later period. There are deep natural and historical reasons behind this phenomenon. In the early Ming Dynasty, there was no large-scale governance of the Yellow River in view of the lack of national strength. After Chu moved to Beijing, he began to repair the canal in order to transfer grain from the south of the Yangtze River. Since then, "water transport" has evolved into a very important political issue transformed from the economic lifeline of the ruling class. The Yellow River, which crossed the canal into the sea, is now inextricably linked to "water transport." For more than 200 years since Yongle, the governance of the Yellow River has been carried out step by step under the political premise of "Baocao". The Ming Dynasty invested more in regulating the river than in any previous era. In Henan Province alone, the rulers spent a great deal of money to block the Yellow River, and at the same time, a large number of experts in river regulation emerged, and the ultimate generation of Ming Dynasty, the theory of river diversion has always dominated. The representative figures of Henan Province in the Ming Dynasty were almost all advocates and advocates of the theory of diversion. Although their thought of regulating the river advanced forward and forward, they could not cure the Yellow River, but it provided an important reference for the formation and implementation of Pan Ji-tun's thought of regulating the Yellow River in the late Ming Dynasty. It has played a certain role in promoting the emergence of the peak of the history of governance of Yellow River in China, so the thought of regulating Yellow River in Henan Province during this period is still worthy of our reference and praise. The special strategy of river regulation, effective monitoring and forecasting of water regime, construction of dikes, reinforcement and maintenance of dykes, emergency and blockage in Henan during this period all provide us with reference for the treatment of the present Yellow River disaster. However, at this time, the management of the river, the management of the transport, and the management of the Huaihe River are intertwined, and the situation is complex and the management difficulty is unprecedented. The Yellow disaster and River Defense in Henan Province in Ming Dynasty was the most important one in China. For more than 200 years in the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River overflowed, the waters were flooded, "flat lakes, filled with water", "thousands of villages drifting away," and other flood records were found in historical books from time to time. The Yellow River brought serious disasters to the people of Henan in this period.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K248
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