明中后期外来器物入华行用探研

发布时间：2019-05-24 19:46

【摘要】：随着大航海时代的到来,中西方展开了颇具规模的物质交流和文化碰撞,迎来了浩大的西器东传之潮。器物的种类大致分为火器、农作物、香料与药物、图籍、艺术品和精巧奇器。它们传入中国后,得到了不同程度的发展。农作物等对社会生产和物质生活起到了很大作用,火器和科学仪器等更蕴含了众多西洋实验科学成果及其理念,体现着外来精神文明的诸多进步色彩。彼时中国社会对其的迎拒,是一种有选择的吸纳和补益的态度。明中后期的西器东传,让西器有限度地融入了明代社会和中国人的生活之中,总体上处于观玩和应用相结合的阶段。中国的胸怀终究是敞开的,而不是死死紧闭着的。外来器物数量之巨、品类之广、影响之深,直接说明彼时的中国并不封闭停滞,实际上它从没有真正割断过与外部世界的联系,甚至受外来影响斐然。故而,应如实认清明朝社会所具有的开放性,且同时认识到这种开放性又会因为帝制体系本身对社会的强烈控制欲等诸多内部政治、经济、文化特征而注定是有限的。这种有限的开放性在彼时的中外交流中贯穿始终,是明代中国对外的基本姿态。这种姿态,是当时明代中国因兼具了社会发展中对非本地产品的需求和诸如帝制体系本身对社会的强烈控制欲等诸多内部政治、经济、文化特征而导致的一个既适度开放又谨慎保守的特殊现象。本文第一章介绍外来器物传入的国内条件和国际环境,指出传教士携带和海外贸易是西器东传的主要途径,外来器物是传教和输出西方文化观念的润滑剂,用来培植天主教在中国传播的土壤。第二章梳理了以佛郎机、鸟铳和红夷大炮为代表的外来火器的传入过程和后续仿制改良等应用发展情况,并指出其缺乏实验科学内核的体制缺陷和思想上过于“器胜”的局限性。第三章依照粮食作物、经济作物、水果蔬菜三个类别,对外来农作物的传入及发展进行了研究,大致还原了它们各自在当时社会生活中的地位。第四章梳理了外来香料与药物的种类、来源和途径,并进一步探究了它们的应用环境和适用范围。第五章研究外来图籍的引入和传播,介绍了不同类型的西书在流传过程中的鲜明差异。宗教类西书虽多,影响力却与数量较少的自然科学类西书相去甚远。第六章介绍了以乐器和西洋画为主的各式外来艺术品,指出其虽然无法完全撼动中国传统乐器和绘画技法的主导地位,但它们丰富了传统艺术的内容,为其注入了新的生命。第七章对眼镜等玻璃制品及自鸣钟等外来奇器进行了传入和行用方面的考辨,并指出自鸣钟虽然深入了社会生活,但人们普遍忽略了它背后的深层的实用价值,更遑论因此而得到新的准确的时间观念。第八章对前文的研究进行了总结,概括了明中后期社会对外来器物的迎拒,分析了其入华行用的局限性并重新审视了明代中国的“闭关”与“开放”。
[Abstract]:With the advent of the era of great navigation, China and the West launched a large-scale material exchange and cultural collision, ushered in a great wave of westerners spread to the east. The types of utensils are roughly divided into firearms, crops, spices and drugs, cartoons, works of art and exquisite strange objects. After they were introduced into China, they have been developed to varying degrees. Crops have played a great role in social production and material life. Firearms and scientific instruments contain many western experimental scientific achievements and ideas, reflecting many progressive colors of foreign spiritual civilization. At that time, the Chinese society refused to accept it, which was a selective attitude of absorption and supplement. The eastward transmission of western objects in the middle and late Ming Dynasty made them integrate into the society of Ming Dynasty and the life of Chinese people to a limited extent, and on the whole was in the stage of combining observation and application. After all, China's mind is open, not closed. The large number of foreign objects, the wide range of products and the deep influence directly show that China at that time was not closed and stagnant. In fact, it has never really cut off its ties with the outside world, or even been greatly affected by foreign influences. Therefore, we should truthfully recognize the openness of Ming society, and at the same time realize that this openness will be doomed to be limited because of the strong desire of the imperial system to control society and many other internal political, economic and cultural characteristics. This limited openness ran through the exchanges between China and foreign countries at that time and was the basic posture of China in the Ming Dynasty. This gesture was due to the fact that China in the Ming Dynasty had both the demand for non-local products in social development and many internal politics and economies, such as the strong desire of the imperial system itself to control society, and so on. A special phenomenon caused by cultural characteristics, which is both moderately open and cautiously conservative. The first chapter of this paper introduces the domestic conditions and international environment of the introduction of foreign utensils, and points out that missionaries carrying and overseas trade are the main ways to spread westerners to the east, and foreign utensils are the lubricant for preaching and exporting western cultural concepts. Used to cultivate the soil for the spread of Catholicism in China. In the second chapter, the introduction process and subsequent imitation and improvement of foreign firearms, represented by Verang machine, bird gun and red raze cannon, are combed, and the application and development of foreign firearms, such as the introduction process of foreign firearms and the subsequent imitation and improvement, are combed. It also points out the institutional defects of its lack of experimental science core and the limitation of being too "victorious" ideologically. In the third chapter, according to the three categories of food crops, cash crops and fruits and vegetables, the introduction and development of foreign crops are studied, and their respective positions in the social life at that time are roughly restored. The fourth chapter combs the types, sources and ways of foreign spices and drugs, and further explores their application environment and scope of application. The fifth chapter studies the introduction and dissemination of foreign books, and introduces the distinct differences in the circulation of different types of western books. Although there are many religious western books, their influence is far from that of a small number of natural science western books. The sixth chapter introduces all kinds of foreign works of art, which are mainly composed of musical instruments and western paintings, and points out that although they can not completely shake the dominant position of Chinese traditional musical instruments and painting techniques, they enrich the content of traditional art and inject new life into them. The seventh chapter makes a textual research on the introduction and application of glass products such as glasses and self-ringing clocks, and points out that although the self-ringing clock goes deep into social life, people generally ignore the deep practical value behind it. Not to mention getting a new and accurate concept of time as a result. The eighth chapter summarizes the previous research, summarizes the social rejection of foreign objects in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, analyzes the limitations of its use in China, and reexamines the "closing" and "opening" of China in Ming Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248

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