先秦时期“势”观念研究
发布时间：2019-06-12 02:54
【摘要】：西周到春秋时期,与殷商时期相比,“势”字使用增多,表示“地形高下”等自然客观之“势”和“权力、权势”的意义较为常见,使用频率较高;兵家学说赋予“势”字表示事物客观而不可抗拒性力量的“形势”、“态势”之意;另外,由于这一时期历史的沧桑巨变,一种感悟事物发展的不可抗拒力量之趋向性的势观念也在酝酿和孕育中。 战国时期“势”字使用广泛,不同学派有各自的理解,相关典籍都能见到“势”的各种用法。出现最早的“自然之势”意义仍有使用;“权力”、“权势”之意运用更为频繁、灵活,与“权”、“位”等字搭配形成惯用词组出现;“形势”、“态势”之意与西周到春秋时期相比使用逐渐普遍,它所蕴含的客观性及不可抗拒性特性明显。 表示“时机”意义的“时”字,在战国时期作为“势”的同类概念出现并使用,文献中有大量以“时”、“势”互文形式的用法出现,这是对“势”观念的补充。与此同时,以“时”观、“势”观的出现使用为基础,“势”字表示“形势、态势”的意义与“时”相融合,“时势”二字形成有特定意义的固定词组,表示历史运动过程中转折、变化的时机与形势,标志着“势”观念及“时势”观念的成熟完善。“势”及“时势”观念开始成为人们的思想共识。 “势”观念产生于先秦时期,与殷商、西周时期人们历史观念的转变有密切联系:殷王室有意识的扩大自然界神灵的权能,使其成为全能的至上神“上帝”,通过手中掌握的独有的祭祀权利使神权与政权的统治达到统一,由“帝”及人来控制人世,维护王朝的统治;周代的“天命”观,为了使人们思想意识形态更利于新建的周王朝自身统治,而被赋予了深刻的伦理道德性质,“天命靡常”、“惟德是辅”是它的重要特点,而以德配天、敬德保民则可以认为是周代“天命观”的要义所在。 春秋战国时期,是中国历史上变化最为剧烈的时期,政治、经济、科技、军事、思想文化等各个领域都发生了巨大的变化、变革,“天命神学”受到质疑,原有的统治秩序濒临崩溃。随着历史变迁,“人”的作用开始得到加强,从殷商到春秋战国时期社会观念出现明显变化:由“上帝”、“天”的力量来决定人世间的各种事务,变为存在于人世间、不以人意志为转移的力量趋势来推动社会的变迁;“天人”关系也随之产生变化:从“天命”决定“人事”,到“天命”与“人事”无关,再到重“人事”轻“天命”,最终人世间的力量在历史运动中的核心地位得到肯定。在“天命”对人间影响力减弱的同时,西周社会重要的德治政策也在历史的进程中反复挣扎,最终也无法阻止社会的巨变。这样,历史变迁投影于人们的思想观念,最终形成了客观而独立存在于“天命”之外、不以个人意志为转移、具有不可抗拒性力量趋向的“势”观念。
[Abstract]:From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, compared with the Yin and Shang dynasties, the use of the word "potential" increased, indicating that the meaning of natural and objective "potential" and "power, power", such as "terrain high down", was more common and frequently used, and the military theory gave the word "potential" the meaning of "situation" and "situation", which represented the objective and irresistible force of things. In addition, due to the vicissitudes of history in this period, a sense of the trend of the irresistible force of the development of things is also brewing and gestating. During the warring States period, the word "potential" was widely used, and different schools of thought had their own understandings, and all the relevant classics could see all kinds of usage of "potential". The meaning of "power" and "power" are still used; the meaning of "power" and "power" are used more frequently and flexibly, and the usual phrases appear with the words "power" and "position". The meaning of "situation" and "situation" is gradually widely used compared with the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, and the objectivity and irresistibility contained in it are obvious. The word "time", which expresses the meaning of "opportunity", appeared and used as the same concept of "potential" in the warring States period. There are a large number of usages in the form of "time" and "potential" in the literature, which is a supplement to the concept of "potential". At the same time, on the basis of the appearance and use of the view of "time" and the view of "potential", the word "potential" means the fusion of the meaning of "situation, situation" with "time", and the word "situation" forms a fixed phrase with specific meaning, which indicates the turning point and the opportunity and situation of change in the process of historical movement, which marks the maturity and perfection of the concept of "situation" and "situation". The concept of "trend" and "situation" began to become the consensus of people's ideas. The concept of "potential" originated in the pre-Qin period and was closely related to the transformation of people's historical ideas in the Yin Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty: the Yin royal family consciously expanded the power of the natural gods to become the omnipotent supreme god "God". Through the unique rights of sacrifice in their hands, the divine power and the rule of the regime were unified, and the emperor and man controlled the world and safeguarded the rule of the dynasty; The view of "destiny" in Zhou Dynasty was endowed with a profound ethical and moral nature in order to make people's ideology more conducive to the rule of the newly built Zhou Dynasty itself. "fate is popular" and "virtue is auxiliary" is its important characteristics, while it can be regarded as the important meaning of the "view of destiny" in Zhou Dynasty to match heaven with virtue and respect morality and protect the people. During the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, it was the most dramatic period in Chinese history. Great changes have taken place in politics, economy, science and technology, military, ideology and culture. The "destiny theology" has been questioned and the original ruling order is on the verge of collapse. With the historical changes, the role of "man" began to be strengthened, from the Yin Shang Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, the social concept changed obviously: from the power of "God" and "heaven" to determine all kinds of affairs in the world, it became the power trend that existed in the world and did not take the will of man as the transfer to promote the social change; The relationship between "heaven and man" has also changed: from "destiny" to "personnel", to "destiny" has nothing to do with "personnel", and then to the emphasis of "personnel" over "destiny". Finally, the core position of the power of the world in the historical movement has been affirmed. At the same time, the important policy of rule by virtue in the Western Zhou Dynasty also struggled repeatedly in the process of history, and finally could not stop the great changes in society. In this way, the historical changes are projected on people's ideas, and finally form the concept of "potential", which exists objectively and independently outside the "destiny", does not take the individual will as the transfer, and has the trend of irresistible power.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K22
[Abstract]:From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, compared with the Yin and Shang dynasties, the use of the word "potential" increased, indicating that the meaning of natural and objective "potential" and "power, power", such as "terrain high down", was more common and frequently used, and the military theory gave the word "potential" the meaning of "situation" and "situation", which represented the objective and irresistible force of things. In addition, due to the vicissitudes of history in this period, a sense of the trend of the irresistible force of the development of things is also brewing and gestating. During the warring States period, the word "potential" was widely used, and different schools of thought had their own understandings, and all the relevant classics could see all kinds of usage of "potential". The meaning of "power" and "power" are still used; the meaning of "power" and "power" are used more frequently and flexibly, and the usual phrases appear with the words "power" and "position". The meaning of "situation" and "situation" is gradually widely used compared with the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, and the objectivity and irresistibility contained in it are obvious. The word "time", which expresses the meaning of "opportunity", appeared and used as the same concept of "potential" in the warring States period. There are a large number of usages in the form of "time" and "potential" in the literature, which is a supplement to the concept of "potential". At the same time, on the basis of the appearance and use of the view of "time" and the view of "potential", the word "potential" means the fusion of the meaning of "situation, situation" with "time", and the word "situation" forms a fixed phrase with specific meaning, which indicates the turning point and the opportunity and situation of change in the process of historical movement, which marks the maturity and perfection of the concept of "situation" and "situation". The concept of "trend" and "situation" began to become the consensus of people's ideas. The concept of "potential" originated in the pre-Qin period and was closely related to the transformation of people's historical ideas in the Yin Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty: the Yin royal family consciously expanded the power of the natural gods to become the omnipotent supreme god "God". Through the unique rights of sacrifice in their hands, the divine power and the rule of the regime were unified, and the emperor and man controlled the world and safeguarded the rule of the dynasty; The view of "destiny" in Zhou Dynasty was endowed with a profound ethical and moral nature in order to make people's ideology more conducive to the rule of the newly built Zhou Dynasty itself. "fate is popular" and "virtue is auxiliary" is its important characteristics, while it can be regarded as the important meaning of the "view of destiny" in Zhou Dynasty to match heaven with virtue and respect morality and protect the people. During the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, it was the most dramatic period in Chinese history. Great changes have taken place in politics, economy, science and technology, military, ideology and culture. The "destiny theology" has been questioned and the original ruling order is on the verge of collapse. With the historical changes, the role of "man" began to be strengthened, from the Yin Shang Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, the social concept changed obviously: from the power of "God" and "heaven" to determine all kinds of affairs in the world, it became the power trend that existed in the world and did not take the will of man as the transfer to promote the social change; The relationship between "heaven and man" has also changed: from "destiny" to "personnel", to "destiny" has nothing to do with "personnel", and then to the emphasis of "personnel" over "destiny". Finally, the core position of the power of the world in the historical movement has been affirmed. At the same time, the important policy of rule by virtue in the Western Zhou Dynasty also struggled repeatedly in the process of history, and finally could not stop the great changes in society. In this way, the historical changes are projected on people's ideas, and finally form the concept of "potential", which exists objectively and independently outside the "destiny", does not take the individual will as the transfer, and has the trend of irresistible power.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K22
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