马克思国家观同诺奇克国家观的整合与分向

发布时间：2018-03-08 01:25

本文选题：马克思　切入点：诺奇克　出处：《沈阳师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：国家是所有政治问题的核心，有多少种国家的定义就会有多少种国家理论。马克思曾经指出，通过对国家政治的理论的批判揭示了资产阶级国家中社会发展中出现的矛盾问题，从经济基础上来看，社会的分工不同是形成公共权力的基石，人类社会的发展及人类具有目的性的劳动是国家产生的基础。马克思基于人类的自由和解放的观点强调随着社会的发展，人权的力度越来越大，资产阶级的政治垄断逐渐被无产阶级所打破，公共权力成为真正的每个公民的都拥有的权利，“国家”的社会职能的约束力逐渐降低，最终实现共产主义。诺奇克作为西方政治哲学中的自由主义的代表，坚决反对罗尔斯通过再分配来矫正经济领域不平等现象的主张。因为国家功能的扩大必然会侵犯人民的权利，通过矫正实现的平等，其手段是不正义的，同时也会带来新一轮的不平等。在他看来，个人权利具有至高无上性，国家的正义就是充分保障个人权利不受侵犯。由此诺奇克提出了自己的最低限度的国家理论，意在说明做最少事的国家才是最多功能的国家，，才能充分保障个人权利的自由，并且是道德上合法的存在。本文从唯物史观角度出发，将马克思和诺奇克的国家观进行对比分析，一方面挖掘出诺奇克最低限度的国家理论在无形中对马克思国家观的响应，另一方面探讨了两者理论的不同之处，批判了诺奇克理论的局限性，论证了马克思国家观的科学性，并挖掘出诺奇克国家观对当代中国改革的现实意义。本文主要分为四个部分。第一部分是引言，阐述了研究背景、研究意义、国内外研究现状以及文章的切入点和创新点。第二部分系统论述了马克思“公共权力”国家观的发展历程，从国家与市民社会关系，阶级矛盾发展等方面论证国家的起源与本质，进而推导出国家的消亡是必然的，自由人联合体是国家发展的最高形式。第三部分阐述了诺奇克“权利至上”的国家观，系统地分析了诺奇克国家观的理论渊源、理论内容、论证过程及论证方式。第四部分通过比较马克思和诺奇克的国家观，论证了马克思国家观的科学性，并挖掘出诺奇克国家观的现实意义，以及对我国社会主义市场经济条件下的国家职能、分配等问题具有重要的启示意义。
[Abstract]:The state is the core of all political problems, and there are as many kinds of state theories as there are definitions of countries. Marx once pointed out that by criticizing the theory of state politics, the contradictory problems that arise in the social development of bourgeois countries have been revealed. On the economic basis, the different division of labor in society is the cornerstone of the formation of public power. The development of human society and the purposeful labor of human beings are the basis of the state. Marx, based on the freedom and liberation of human beings, emphasized that with the development of society, human rights become more and more powerful. The political monopoly of the bourgeoisie was gradually broken by the proletariat, the public power became the right of every citizen, the binding force of the social function of the "state" gradually decreased, and finally realized communism. As a representative of liberalism in Western political philosophy, Nozick strongly opposed Rawls's claim that inequality in the economic sphere could be rectified by redistribution, because the expansion of the function of the state would inevitably violate the rights of the people. By rectifying equality, its means are unjust, and at the same time it will lead to a new round of inequality. In his view, the rights of the individual are supremacy, State justice is the full protection of the rights of the individual against infringement. Thus, Nozick puts forward his own minimum theory of state, which is intended to show that the State that does the least is the State with the most functions, so that the freedom of individual rights can be fully safeguarded. And is morally legitimate. From the perspective of historical materialism, this paper makes a comparative analysis of Marx's and Notchick's state views. On the one hand, it excavates the response of Nozick's minimum state theory to Marx's concept of state in the form of intangibility. On the other hand, it discusses the differences between the two theories, criticizes the limitations of Norchick's theory, and proves the scientific nature of Marx's concept of state. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part is the introduction, which expounds the background and significance of the research. The second part systematically discusses the development course of Marx's "public power" state view, from the social relationship between the state and the citizen. The development of class contradiction and other aspects demonstrate the origin and essence of the state, and then deduce that the extinction of the country is inevitable. The free man association is the highest form of national development. The third part expounds Nozick's state view of "the supremacy of rights". This paper systematically analyzes the theoretical origin, theoretical content, argumentation process and argumentation method of Nozick's state view. Part 4th demonstrates the scientific nature of Marx's state view by comparing Marx's and Notchick's. It also excavates the realistic significance of Nozick's concept of state, and it has important enlightening significance to the problems of state function and distribution under the condition of socialist market economy in our country.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B03;A811;D03

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