简帛禁忌研究

发布时间：2018-03-05 12:07

本文选题：简帛　切入点：禁忌　出处：《四川大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 禁忌是因对某种神秘或不洁事物的恐惧而以消极回避的方式所进行的自我抑制。作为社会习俗与信仰的重要组成部分，禁忌曾对社会生活的各个方面产生过深远的影响。业已出土的简帛材料中，包含有大量的禁忌内容，在一定程度上反映了战国秦汉时期的社会思想与生活真实。简帛禁忌在社会史、思想史、文献学诸领域都具有重要的参考价值，以此为突破口去观照当时的社会历史，是对简帛禁忌材料的最好利用。本文通过对简帛日书类、月令类与兵家类文献禁忌材料的搜集整理，勾勒出简帛禁忌的大致框架，进而分析其历史价值与社会意义。主要包括以下几个部分的内容：在分析禁忌的定义与界限的基础上突出禁忌的历史内涵，关注禁忌所反映的战国秦汉社会。根据传世文献和业已出土的日书材料可知，禁忌现象在战国、秦汉时期已经相当盛行，无论是对上层统治者还是普通民众，都产生了广泛而深刻的影响。究其现实与思想根源，主要有两个方面的原因：一是战国至于秦汉长期战乱以致民不聊生的现实苦难的反映；二是在阴阳五行思想影响下统治者与术士的大力推动。禁忌不仅仅是民俗学，而且也是历史学的重要内容，应对其多一些历史性的考察。日书是下层民众及中小官吏用以选择吉凶宜忌的实用手册，其中的禁．忌与日常生活息息相关。日常生活禁忌包括三个方面的内容：时日禁忌、方位禁忌、行为禁忌。时日禁忌集中体现在建除忌、十二支忌、二十八宿日忌、特殊忌日以及神煞系统等方面，文中对各项内容加以具体阐释。通过与传世文献相关内容的比较，我们发现秦汉时期的时日禁忌体系已经相当的成熟与完备。方位禁忌常与岁、月、日相结合，形成时空联接的禁忌模式。日书中有形形色色的行为禁忌，如祷祠、寄人、生育、嫁娶、修造、见人、歌乐、买卖、归行、宰杀、逃亡、饮食、葬埋、作事、卜筮、死忌等，影响到人们日常生活的方方面面。其中寄人、逃亡的禁忌是当时特殊的阶级关系的反映，是当时社会现实的真实写照。但大多数的禁忌内容在很长时间内并没有发生大的改变，，表明禁忌具有很强的延续性。月令是在理论上指导天子或诸侯国君每月行政的时宪，主要根据历法知识或阴阳五行的神秘思想来安排上层统治者的重大政治行动，逐月规定他们该做什么或不该做什么。简帛月令禁忌材料集中于子弹库楚帛书与《敦煌悬泉月令诏条》。文章首先通过对楚帛书内容的整体性分析说明其月令性质，然后逐一阐释帛书中的禁忌内容。《敦煌悬泉月令诏条》在内容上与《吕氏春秋·十二纪》、《礼记·月令》、《淮南子·时则训》基本一致，出土文献与传世文献的比较互证，既有利于对《月令诏条》的总体把握，也可以借此纠正传世月令类文献校勘训释的不足。月令禁忌对现实生活并无多大的实际指导作用，统治者对禁忌的利用，反映出政治与民间信仰之间的互动关系。军事禁忌是简帛禁忌的重要组成部分。本文以马王堆帛书与银雀山汉简兵书为基本依据，结合文献记载，从天时、地理、人事三个角度对简帛军事禁忌加以阐述。天时可以分为天象与时日两个部分，天象主要包括日月、五星、彗星，时日主要包括月忌，日忌中的孤虚、咸池、刑德、兵忌、晦日等内容。地理分为观念形态的地理禁忌、实战过程的地形禁忌。人事禁忌体现在两个方面：时人对战争怀有一定的畏忌心理；战争双方必须遵循相关的行为禁忌。军事禁忌对战争双方具有某种程度的制约作用，对战争决策有一定的影响，是战争中蛊惑人心、激励士气的工具。简帛军事禁忌的研究是对古代军事理论的丰富与扩展。就具体内容看，简帛禁忌的设定主要有三个方面的理论依据：天文历法、神话传说、阴阳五行，都体现了人们认识自然的方式与水平。禁忌是社会现实在人们头脑中的反映，蕴含着大量的社会习俗、思想信仰的真实成分。简帛禁忌是研究战国秦汉社会的良好素材，这也是简帛禁忌研究的真正价值所在。
[Abstract]:The taboo is due to some mysterious or unclean things to fear a passive way of self suppression. As an important part of the social customs and beliefs, taboos have on all aspects of social life have far-reaching effects. Has unearthed bamboo and silk materials, including the contents of a large number of taboo, in a certain reflects the social thought and life of the Warring States period. The real silk taboo in social history, ideological history, has an important reference value in the field of literature, as a breakthrough to study the social history at that time, is the best use of this taboo material. Based on the book, silk, and home a kind of taboo literature materials collection, outlining the framework and taboo, and then analyzes its historical value and social significance. The main content include the following sections:
Based on the analysis of the definition and boundaries of the taboo taboo prominent historical connotation, reflects the concern taboo Warring States and Han society. According to the ancient literature and excavated on book materials, taboo in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties has been quite popular, whether it is on the upper rulers or ordinary people, have extensive influence and deep. The reality and ideological roots, there are two main reasons: one is the real suffering of Qin and Han Dynasties Warring States of the long war that The people are destitute. reflected; two is in the thoughts of Yin Yang and five elements under the influence of the ruler and the Warlock. Not only is to vigorously promote the taboo folklore, but also an important content of history, the some historic visit.
On the book is to choose the good and bad taboo practical manual for lower class people and small officials, which can avoid is closely related to daily life. Daily life taboos include three aspects: the time range of taboo, taboo, taboo. Taboo behavior time embodied in addition to twelve bogey, bogey, bogey Ershibasu daily, special death and god evil spirit system, a detailed explanation of each of the content in this paper. Through the comparison with literature handed down the content, we found in the Qin and Han Dynasties time taboo system is already quite mature and complete. Often with orientation taboo, month, day combine to form a space-time model. The behavior of every hue taboo the taboo on the book, such as prayer temple, people, family, marriage, work, people, song, sale, return, slaughter, escape, diet, they do things such as divination, death, affects people's daily life. . boarding, the fugitive taboo is reflected the special class relations, is a true portrayal of the social reality at that time. But many taboos in a very long time and did not change, that taboo has strong continuity.
The home is to guide the emperor or princes monarch monthly administration when the Constitution in theory, mainly based on mystical thought or calendar knowledge of Yin Yang and the five elements to arrange the major political action of the upper rulers, the monthly provisions of what they should do or what not to do. And concentrated material in bullets taboo home Chu silk and "Dunhuang Xuanquan home this article. Firstly through the whole of Chu silk content analysis indicates its monthly properties, and then explain the taboo in Dunhuang. The content of silk Xuanquan imperial edict and the home > > twelve < Lushih chunchiu Ji in the content," the book of rites may make Huainan - >, < > when training is consistent the unearthed documents and literature handed down, the comparative mutual proof, is conducive to the overall grasp of the "imperial Home >, also can take corrective Yue Ling literature collation and interpretation. Thus taboo of real life much as no practical guidance The use of the rulers' use of taboos reflects the interaction between political and folk beliefs.
Military taboo is an important part of the silk taboos. This article take the Mawangdui silk and Yinqueshan bamboo slip book as the basis, combined with literature, geography from the day when, three aspects to elaborate on the military personnel and taboos. Days can be divided into two parts including the weather and time, astronomical moon, star, the comet, including time month bogey, solitary empty, in the day to avoid punishment, avoid Xianchi, soldiers, Huiri etc. geography is divided into the ideology of geographic taboo, actual combat terrain. Personnel taboo taboo is reflected in two aspects: when the people of war have certain psychological fear; both sides of the war must be follow the relevant behavior taboo. Taboo military is restricted to some extent on both sides of the war, have a certain impact on the war, the war is a motivation tool. Befog the minds of the people, the research and military taboo is the ancient military The richness and expansion of the theory.
The specific content, and taboo set the main theoretical basis of three aspects: astronomy, myths and legends, Yin Yang and the five elements, all embody the people's understanding of the nature and level. Taboo is a reflection of social reality in people's minds, contains a large number of social customs, true ideas and beliefs. Is a good material for the study of the Warring States silk taboo in Qin and Han Dynasty, which is the real value of the research and taboo.

【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K206

【引证文献】