试论西周的监国制度

发布时间：2018-05-11 18:36

本文选题：西周 + 监国制度　；参考：《烟台大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：监国制度是西周时期周王朝统治地方的一项重要制度。它包括两方面的内容，即军监制度和监官制度。军监制度起源于商代，是商王控制地方方国和防御外来入侵的重要措施。商代的“侯”“伯”许多都是军监。西周时期沿用了商代的军监制度，设置“三监”、“应监”等诸监，负责戍卫西周疆土，并作为军事据点不断开疆拓土，许多经周王册命后成为诸侯。监官制度即《礼记·王制》中所说的命卿制度。“三监之乱”后，周王朝意识到了军监制度的缺陷，因此实行命卿制度，，在诸侯国甚至是军监辖地内派驻监官，辅助并监视诸侯国和军监，防止地方诸侯和军监反叛。这一制度，为巩固西周王朝的统治起到了重要作用，但随着周王朝自身实力的下降，军监和监官也趋于虚设。部分监官凭借其特殊的地位，把持诸侯国政治，甚至取而代之。西周监国制度的突破点在于“三监”问题研究的新进展和大量出土资料。因此本文首先对“三监”问题的由来及研究情况作了简要的总结，结合清华简《系年》中有关“三监”的记载引出对“三监”问题传统观点的怀疑，并结合《礼记》所说的命卿制度，初步判定监国制度包含两方面的内容，即军监制度和监官制度。为探究西周军监制度的来源，本文对夏商政治格局做了简要说明，并结合甲骨文资料对商代的军监案例进行研究，得出军监起源于商代的结论。对西周的监国制度，从军监制度和监官制度两方面进行研究。首先依据传世文献及金文资料对应监、管监、鄂师等军监案例进行研究，并对近年发现的山东高青陈庄西周遗址的军监性质作了初步探索。而后，同样利用二重证据法，对西周的监官制度也作了初步的论述。
[Abstract]:The system of supervising the state is an important system that the Zhou Dynasty ruled during the Western Zhou Dynasty. It includes two aspects, that is, the military supervision system and the inspector system. The military supervision system originated in the Shang Dynasty and was an important measure to control the local state and prevent foreign invasion. Many of the Shang Dynasty's "Hou" and "Bo" were military supervisors. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the military supervision system of the Shang Dynasty was followed, such as "three prisons" and "should prison" were set up, which was in charge of garrison the territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The system of supervisor is the system of manning in the Book of Rites. After the "three Rebellion", the Zhou Dynasty realized the defects of the military supervision system, so it carried out the "Ming Qing" system, and stationed supervisors in various countries, even in the places under the jurisdiction of military supervision, to assist and monitor the princes and military supervisors, and to prevent local princes and military supervisors from rebelling. This system played an important role in consolidating the rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but with the decline of the Zhou Dynasty's own strength, the military supervisors and supervisors tended to be empty. By virtue of their special status, some inspectors held the politics of the vassals and even replaced them. The breakthrough point of the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty lies in the new progress in the study of "three prisons" and a large number of unearthed materials. Therefore, this paper first makes a brief summary of the origin and research of the "three superintendents", and combines the records of the "three superintendents" in the bamboo slips of Tsinghua University to raise doubts about the traditional views on the "three superintendents". Combined with the "Ming Qing" system mentioned in the Book of Rites, it is preliminarily determined that the system of supervising the state includes two aspects, namely, the system of military supervision and the system of supervising officials. In order to explore the origin of the military supervision system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, this paper briefly explains the political pattern of Xia and Shang dynasties, and studies the military supervision cases of the Shang Dynasty with the data of Oracle, and draws the conclusion that the military supervision originated in the Shang Dynasty. This paper studies the system of supervising the country in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of military supervision and the system of supervising officers. Firstly, according to the relevant documents and the materials of the Jin text, the cases of military supervision are studied, and the nature of the military supervision of the Western Zhou Dynasty site in Gaoqing Chenzhuang, Shandong Province, which has been discovered in recent years, is explored preliminarily. Then, the same double evidence law, the Western Zhou Dynasty also made a preliminary discussion of the system of officials.
【学位授予单位】：烟台大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K224

【参考文献】