耶稣会士笔下描绘的清代康乾时期中国社会人口状况——《中国通典》选译
发布时间：2018-08-08 14:19
【摘要】：格鲁贤(Abbe Grosier,1743—1823)是继杜赫德(Du Halde,1674—1743)之后,第二位对法国汉学发生重大影响的汉学家。杜氏于1735年发表的《中华帝国全志》[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary,together with Kingdoms of Korea and Tibet;Containing the Geography and History(Natural as well as Civil)of Those Countries]率先全景式地向欧洲人推介有关中国的最新知识;格氏于1785年发表的《中国通典》(Description genercde de la Chine)既传承了社赫德作品内容,使之于50年后得以内容更新,又有其个人创新:根据一个特殊的目录,他重新组合并提炼了前人的成果,刻意收进了由当时仍停留在北京的最后一批耶稣会士撰写的《北京耶稣会士中国研究文集》(Mémoires concerncmt les sciences et les arts des Chinois)这样最新到达欧洲的知识。《中国通典》1785年首版获得极大成功,同一年再版,并被译成英文和意大利文,随后多次单独发行,分别于1785、1787和1818—1820年间,有过三个独立法文本;1788年和1789年分别在伦敦和莱比锡推出英译本和德译本,英译本又于1895年再版。由此,社赫德的《中华帝国全志》和格鲁贤的《中国通典》可称作法国18世纪向欧洲推介中国的姊妹篇,在西方汉学领域产生了日月同辉的影响。在法国,它们不仅为法国汉学的发生与发展提供了丰富的素村、广泛的题村、无限的思考和多彩的远景,而且在伏尔泰称之为"难以满足企求了解中国的渴望"的18世纪,也可以说它们在催生启蒙精神形成和促使旧制度崩溃过程中发挥了不可取代的作用。《中国通典》全书分上、下篇。上篇讲述构成中华帝国十五省、鞑靼地区、岛屿、从属国的地理地貌、主要城市、人口、民族、水陆交通、地方物产、自然历史、动植物、中医药草药村等。下篇讲述最近到达欧洲的有关中国的新知识,内容涉及中国政府、统治权力、文武官员、武装力量、军队纪律、法律、城市治安、宗教、习俗、语言、文学、经济生活、科学技术等。《中国通典》较之《中华帝国全志》突出体现了作者的独立思想和观点,他依据中国人的村料和经过考证的文献资料,反对与驳斥某些偏激作家恣意鄙夷中国和"中国人的谎言"与不实之词,批驳了当时甚嚣尘上的中国人起源于埃及人说,称中国医学始于国家建立之时,赞扬中国有数不胜数的医学用书,"当前没有任何一个国家能自诩有他们如此古老的医学传统","即便中国医学家不是解剖家,也不是哲学家,但他们的脉搏学和草药学足以让欧洲行家吃惊"。格鲁贤可谓西方18世纪少有的知华派学者。《中国通典》被译成多国文字,多次再版,被誉为"最重要的耶稣会士科学作品",足见其广泛而深远的历史影响。《清代康乾时期中国人口状况》选译自《中国通典》上篇卷四第二章(原文1785年版,第268—290页;1787年版,第397—428页)。作者在驳斥西方对中国人口的最大质疑时语言朴实无华,常常不乏生动和幽默,更令人惊叹的是,在华的学者型耶稣会传教士眼光锐利,考察细致入微,方法灵活周到,从宏观和微观方面不仅描绘了清代康乾时期中国人口的组成状况,也提供了中国社会、城市、家庭、文武官员制度、纳税制度、男人女人、军人平民、衙门和外委等诸方面丰富有趣的信息,对认知中国社会的历史状况和特点很有帮助。
[Abstract]:Abbe Grosier, 1743 - 1823, followed by Duheard (Du Halde, 1674 - 1743), the second Chinese Sinologist who had a great influence on French Sinology. In 1735, he published the >[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary. Hy and History (Natural as well as Civil) of Those Countries] is the first to introduce the latest knowledge of China to the Europeans; the Chinese code, published in 1785, not only inherits the content of Zahed's works, but also enables it to update the content in 50 years, and also has its own personal innovation. A special catalogue, he reassembled and refines the achievements of his predecessors, and deliberately received the latest knowledge of the latest arrival in Europe, such as the "M moires concerncmt Les Sciences et les arts des Chinois", the last batch of Jesus men who still stayed in the Beijing. < < China's common code >1785 Edition. It was a great success, reprinted in the same year, translated into English and Italian, and then issued several times separately. In 17851787 and 1818 - 1820, there were three independent texts; in 1788 and 1789, the English and German versions were introduced in London and Leipzig, and the English versions were republished in 1895. Thus, the Chinese Empire, Hird's "the whole of the Chinese Empire" In France, in France, they not only provided a rich village for the occurrence and development of French Sinology, a broad village, infinite thinking and colorful vision in France, but also called Voltaire in France. The eighteenth Century, "difficult to meet the desire to know China", can also be said to have played an indispensable role in the birth of the spirit of enlightenment and the process of the collapse of the old system. The whole book of China is divided into fifteen provinces, Tatar areas, islands, geographical features, major cities, and people from the country. Oral, ethnic, water and land transportation, local property, natural history, animal and plant, traditional Chinese medicine and herbal medicine village. The next part tells the new knowledge about China, which has recently arrived in Europe, including the Chinese government, ruling power, civil and military officials, armed forces, military discipline, law, city and public order, religion, custom, language, literature, economic life, science and technology, etc. According to the Chinese people's village material and the textual documents, he objected and refutes some extreme writers' disdain for China and the "Chinese lies" and the false words, and refutes the Chinese people who were on the ground from the Egyptians. Chinese medicine begins with the establishment of the country, praising China's numerous medical books. "No country can claim to have such an old medical tradition". "Even if Chinese physicians are not dissected or philosophers, their pulse science and herbal medicine are enough to surprise European experts." guru is the 18 West. There were few scholars of the Chinese School in the century. The Chinese code was translated into many languages and was reprinted on many times. It was praised as "the most important Jesus science works". He saw its extensive and far-reaching historical influence. "The state of Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty > selected translation from the Chinese code > second chapters (268th to 290 pages in the original 1785 edition; 1787 edition, third). 97 - 428 pages). The language is unadorned when the writer refutes the greatest challenge to the Chinese population in the West. It is often vivid and humorous. It is more surprising that the scholar Jesus in China has a sharp, meticulous, flexible approach and a macroscopic and microcosmic depiction of the Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It also provides rich and interesting information about Chinese society, city, family, civil and military official system, tax system, men and women, military civilians, Yamen and outside Committee, which is helpful to recognize the historical situation and characteristics of Chinese society.
【作者单位】： 北京外国语大学法语系;
【分类号】：K207.8;K249
本文编号：2172059
[Abstract]:Abbe Grosier, 1743 - 1823, followed by Duheard (Du Halde, 1674 - 1743), the second Chinese Sinologist who had a great influence on French Sinology. In 1735, he published the >[Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-tartary. Hy and History (Natural as well as Civil) of Those Countries] is the first to introduce the latest knowledge of China to the Europeans; the Chinese code, published in 1785, not only inherits the content of Zahed's works, but also enables it to update the content in 50 years, and also has its own personal innovation. A special catalogue, he reassembled and refines the achievements of his predecessors, and deliberately received the latest knowledge of the latest arrival in Europe, such as the "M moires concerncmt Les Sciences et les arts des Chinois", the last batch of Jesus men who still stayed in the Beijing. < < China's common code >1785 Edition. It was a great success, reprinted in the same year, translated into English and Italian, and then issued several times separately. In 17851787 and 1818 - 1820, there were three independent texts; in 1788 and 1789, the English and German versions were introduced in London and Leipzig, and the English versions were republished in 1895. Thus, the Chinese Empire, Hird's "the whole of the Chinese Empire" In France, in France, they not only provided a rich village for the occurrence and development of French Sinology, a broad village, infinite thinking and colorful vision in France, but also called Voltaire in France. The eighteenth Century, "difficult to meet the desire to know China", can also be said to have played an indispensable role in the birth of the spirit of enlightenment and the process of the collapse of the old system. The whole book of China is divided into fifteen provinces, Tatar areas, islands, geographical features, major cities, and people from the country. Oral, ethnic, water and land transportation, local property, natural history, animal and plant, traditional Chinese medicine and herbal medicine village. The next part tells the new knowledge about China, which has recently arrived in Europe, including the Chinese government, ruling power, civil and military officials, armed forces, military discipline, law, city and public order, religion, custom, language, literature, economic life, science and technology, etc. According to the Chinese people's village material and the textual documents, he objected and refutes some extreme writers' disdain for China and the "Chinese lies" and the false words, and refutes the Chinese people who were on the ground from the Egyptians. Chinese medicine begins with the establishment of the country, praising China's numerous medical books. "No country can claim to have such an old medical tradition". "Even if Chinese physicians are not dissected or philosophers, their pulse science and herbal medicine are enough to surprise European experts." guru is the 18 West. There were few scholars of the Chinese School in the century. The Chinese code was translated into many languages and was reprinted on many times. It was praised as "the most important Jesus science works". He saw its extensive and far-reaching historical influence. "The state of Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty > selected translation from the Chinese code > second chapters (268th to 290 pages in the original 1785 edition; 1787 edition, third). 97 - 428 pages). The language is unadorned when the writer refutes the greatest challenge to the Chinese population in the West. It is often vivid and humorous. It is more surprising that the scholar Jesus in China has a sharp, meticulous, flexible approach and a macroscopic and microcosmic depiction of the Chinese population in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It also provides rich and interesting information about Chinese society, city, family, civil and military official system, tax system, men and women, military civilians, Yamen and outside Committee, which is helpful to recognize the historical situation and characteristics of Chinese society.
【作者单位】： 北京外国语大学法语系;
【分类号】：K207.8;K249
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