周代丧礼在山东潍坊地区的传承与演变

发布时间：2018-09-04 19:31

【摘要】：中国素有“礼仪之邦”、“礼乐文明”之称,很大程度上因为礼是中华民族区别于其他民族的重要标志。在进入阶级社会以前,人类已经形成一些风俗习惯。进入文明社会以后,部分风俗习惯上升到国家意识形态的层面,成为各级贵族的行为规范——礼。周人在继承夏、商文化的基础上,将礼进一步发扬光大,并进行了初步的分类,大致分为吉、凶、军、宾、嘉五礼。丧礼属于凶礼,是各种生命礼仪中最隆重的礼节。人们出于“敬始慎终”的心理,对于丧礼的举办高度重视,从而“大操大办”,繁复的礼节让人应接不暇,恢弘的场面令人叹为观止。丧礼也是持续时间最长的一个礼节,根据丧服的规定,短则数月,长则三年之久,远远超过冠礼与婚礼的周期。有关周代的丧礼的仪式,主要记载在《仪礼》、《礼记》和《周礼》这三部书中。书中详细描述了周代丧礼中临丧前、初丧、殡期和下葬四个不同时间阶段的具体内容。这四个阶段又各自由一些具体丧礼环节组成,如临丧前这一阶段下有迁于正寝、废床、属纩等具体环节,初丧对应着招魂、袭衣、饭含等环节,殡期需要举办朝夕哭奠、朔月奠、荐新奠等活动,下葬由朝庙、饰棺等内容构成,极为繁复。周代丧礼原本是规范贵族丧葬活动的行为准则,随着时代的发展和社会结构的变化,它逐渐渗透到民间的丧葬习俗中,在民间蔓延、传播开来,所以周代丧礼的内容寓于民间的实际丧葬活动中。丧葬习俗作为一种文化现象,在传承的过程中,不可避免地打上时代、地域的烙印,随着地区、时代的不同,它会表现出一定程度的差异。现在潍坊地区属于原来齐国地域范畴,近代以来,山东潍坊地区的丧葬活动继承了周代丧礼的部分内容,如提前置办丧具,为老人准备棺材、筑坟,选用的棺材木料等;在老者弥留际,为老人穿新衣,让其整洁离去、老人一定要“寿终正寝”,死在正房里。此外,还有一些丧仪则只保留下名称,其实际内容已经发生质的变化,如招魂。民国时期潍坊地区的招魂与周代的招魂截然不同,地点为土地庙,主要内容是烧纸、摆供祭奠、哀哭。还有部分丧仪实际内涵一样,但称谓已经发生了变化,如主持丧礼的人,在周代由祝主持丧礼,在近代以来的潍坊地区这个角色被称作“社头”等,各地名称不尽相同。有的内容是后世添加的新内容,如“七祭”、诵经念佛等,这是周代丧礼没有的内容,民间的丧葬活动则受到佛道思想的影响。潍坊地区的丧葬习俗出现一些新因素——七祭、百日祭,还伴随着部分宗教因素,佛教自古印度传入以来,逐渐影响着人们的思想和社会生活。道教作为中国的本土宗教,自产生以来,信奉的人数与日俱增,受此影响,人们的社会生活会发生变化。在丧葬习俗方面,主要表现在请僧道做斋诵经。近代以来潍坊地区的丧葬活动中,存在着铺张浪费、假哭、阴婚等不合理的问题,讲求排场、铺张浪费,刻意讲求形式,重外表而轻内心,这些做法不仅导致钱财的浪费而且使得人们的生活走向非理性。这需要借鉴周代丧礼包含的人文情怀规范现实生活丧礼中的不合理现象,弘扬孝道的积极内涵,增强慎终意识。现实生活中,我们既要反对铺张浪费、低俗化等不良倾向,也要反对忽视丧礼应有的礼节的做法,从内心深处增强慎终意识,结合实际情况,在不损害人情的前提下,合理举办丧礼。
[Abstract]:China is known as "the state of etiquette" and "the civilization of etiquette and music", largely because etiquette is an important symbol that distinguishes the Chinese nation from other nations. On the basis of inheriting the Xia and Shang cultures, the Zhou people further carried forward the rites and made a preliminary classification, roughly divided into auspicious, vicious, military, guests, and Jia Wuli. Funeral belongs to the vicious rites, is the most solemn rites of all kinds of life. People, out of the mentality of "respecting the beginning and carefully ending", attach great importance to the holding of funeral. Funeral rites are also the longest lasting rituals. According to the rules of funeral dresses, they are only a few months long and are three years long, far exceeding the cycle of crowns and weddings. These three books describe in detail the specific contents of four different stages of the Zhou Dynasty's funeral, namely, the first funeral, the funeral and the burial. These four stages are composed of some specific funeral links, such as the stage before the funeral, there are some specific links such as moving to the right bed, abandoning the bed, belonging to the funeral links, the first funeral corresponds to the soul, attacking clothes, food and so on. Funeral rites in the Zhou Dynasty were originally the code of conduct regulating noble funeral activities. With the development of the times and changes in social structure, it gradually penetrated into the folk funeral customs, spread among the people and spread to the Zhou Dynasty. As a cultural phenomenon, funeral custom inevitably bears the brand of the times and regions. With the different regions and times, it will show a certain degree of difference. Now Weifang area belongs to the original regional category of Qi. Since modern times, Weifang in Shandong Province has been a cultural phenomenon. The funeral activities in the area inherited some of the contents of the Zhou Dynasty funerals, such as arranging funeral tools in advance, preparing coffins for the elderly, building graves, and selecting coffins, etc. When the elderly died, wearing new clothes for the elderly, so that their neat departure, the elderly must "die at the end of their lives" and die in the main room. The contents have changed qualitatively, for example, inviting souls. In the period of the Republic of China, the inviting souls in Weifang were totally different from those in the Zhou Dynasty. The place was the land temple. The main contents were burning paper, offering sacrifices and mourning. The role of Weifang is called "the head of the society" and so on. The names of different places are different. Some contents are new contents added later, such as "seven sacrifices" and chanting Buddha, which are not included in the funerals of the Zhou Dynasty. The folk funeral activities are influenced by Buddhism and Taoism. As a native religion in China, Taoism has been believing in more and more people since it came into being. Affected by this, people's social life will change. Since modern times, there have been unreasonable problems in the funeral activities in Weifang area, such as extravagance and waste, false crying and Yin marriage, stressing the formality, paying more attention to the appearance than to the heart. These practices not only lead to the waste of money but also make people's lives irrational. In real life, we should not only oppose unhealthy tendencies such as extravagance and waste, vulgarization and so on, but also oppose the practice of neglecting the proper etiquette of funerals, so as to enhance the sense of caution towards the end from the bottom of our hearts, combining with the actual situation, without harming human feelings. Next, a reasonable funeral.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K892.98

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