清初明遗民封建论研究
发布时间：2018-11-03 15:43
【摘要】：中国古代的地方行政体制大致可分为封建制和郡县制这两种基本形式,以始皇嬴政平定六国、一统天下为分水岭,之前的先秦三代(即夏、商、周)主要以封建制为主,秦统一以后则以郡县制为主,充分地适应了大一统的专制主义中央集权的政治需要,对中国这一多民族的统一大帝国的发展做出了卓越的贡献。但同时,封建制却没有完全的消亡,而是若隐若现在秦以后的历代王朝的统治之中,无论是大一统的中央王朝,还是乱世的割据王朝,都存在着各种不同形式的封建延续,作为郡县制的一种补充形式,在当时产生并发挥了重要影响,有时甚至会出现封建制的反复,成为造成乱世分裂的重要因素,深刻影响了中国历史变革。正是由于封建制和郡县制在历史的长河中交织出现,也使得有关于封建和郡县的争论一直延续,或是作为政治主张,或者作为学术论点,甚至到了明末清初——这个已经距离秦朝统治有一千八百年之久的时代,封建与郡县制的讨论伴随着明末一系列重大变革的出现又一次达到了高潮。本文正是从明末清初这一较为特殊的历史年代入手,选取这一时期极具代表性的明遗民作为切入点,来研究明末清初这部分群体有关于封建的论调,通过对其封建论主张的说明和产生原因的分析,来阐释这一时期明遗民对家国兴亡的反思以及对后世的深远影响,并结合当下实际,展现研究这一时期的封建论在当代中国政治发展和变革中的重要意义。历史上大多数的封建论并不是分裂论,其主旨并不在于反对国家的大一统,或以封建制来推行分裂国家的主张,其出发点和目的,都是为维护与加强专制皇权和中央集权,以最终实现国家统一、社会稳定。而与之相比,明遗民封建论则在此基础上更希望以弱化中央权力、加强地方权力等一系列措施,来制约传统社会至高无上的皇权,从而减轻中央对地方的压迫,使地方社会、经济、文化等各方面都得以充分发展,这也是明末清初很多江南商家豪门的主要诉求。从当代国家治理和社会政治文化建设的视角来看,这一诉求对于当下中国共产党所提倡的“推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”也同样有着重要的借鉴意义,使我们从古代贤哲的反思中吸取智慧,援引古代的政治经验作为参照。因此从这方面来说,对于明末清初明遗民的封建论的系统研究有着不可替代的重要价值,值得我们下大力对之进行深入的探究。
[Abstract]:The local administrative system in ancient China can be roughly divided into two basic forms: feudal system and prefectural system. Ying Zheng, the first emperor, settled the six countries and ruled the whole world as a watershed. Before the three dynasties before the Qin Dynasty (that is, Xia, Shang, Zhou), the feudal system was the main form. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the prefectures and counties were the main system, which fully adapted to the political needs of the totalitarianism and centralism, and made remarkable contributions to the development of China, a multi-national unified empire. But at the same time, the feudal system did not die out completely, but appeared in the rule of the successive dynasties after Qin Dynasty. Whether it was the central dynasty of great unification or the severed dynasty in turbulent times, there were various forms of feudal continuation. As a supplementary form of the county system, it produced and exerted an important influence at that time, and sometimes even appeared the repeated feudal system, which became an important factor that caused the break-up of the turbulent times, and deeply affected the historical changes of China. It is precisely because the feudal system and the county system intertwined in the long history that there has been a debate about feudalism and counties that has continued, either as a political proposition or as an academic argument. Even in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which was 1800 years from the reign of the Qin Dynasty, the discussion between feudalism and the county system reached another climax with the emergence of a series of major changes in the late Ming Dynasty. This paper begins with the relatively special historical age of the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasty, and selects the representative people of the Ming Dynasty as the starting point to study the feudal arguments of this part of the group in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Through the explanation of his feudal theory and the analysis of its causes, this paper explains the reflection on the rise and fall of his family and country in this period and its profound influence on later generations, and combines with the reality of the present. Show the significance of studying feudalism in contemporary Chinese political development and reform. Most feudalism in history is not divisionism. Its main purpose is not to oppose the unification of the country or to promote the idea of splitting the country with the feudal system. Its starting point and purpose are to safeguard and strengthen autocratic and centralized power. In order to finally achieve national unity, social stability. On the basis of this, the feudal theory of the people of the Ming Dynasty hoped that a series of measures, such as weakening the central power and strengthening the local power, would restrict the supreme imperial power in the traditional society, thus reducing the oppression of the central authorities on the localities and enabling the local society. Economy, culture and other aspects have been fully developed, which is also the main demand of many Jiangnan merchants in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. From the perspective of contemporary national governance and social-political and cultural construction, this appeal is also of great significance for the "promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity" advocated by the Chinese Communist Party at present. So that we can draw wisdom from the reflection of ancient sages and quote the political experience of ancient times as reference. Therefore, from this point of view, the systematic study of the feudal theory of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty has an irreplaceable important value, which is worthy of our deep exploration.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2308224
[Abstract]:The local administrative system in ancient China can be roughly divided into two basic forms: feudal system and prefectural system. Ying Zheng, the first emperor, settled the six countries and ruled the whole world as a watershed. Before the three dynasties before the Qin Dynasty (that is, Xia, Shang, Zhou), the feudal system was the main form. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the prefectures and counties were the main system, which fully adapted to the political needs of the totalitarianism and centralism, and made remarkable contributions to the development of China, a multi-national unified empire. But at the same time, the feudal system did not die out completely, but appeared in the rule of the successive dynasties after Qin Dynasty. Whether it was the central dynasty of great unification or the severed dynasty in turbulent times, there were various forms of feudal continuation. As a supplementary form of the county system, it produced and exerted an important influence at that time, and sometimes even appeared the repeated feudal system, which became an important factor that caused the break-up of the turbulent times, and deeply affected the historical changes of China. It is precisely because the feudal system and the county system intertwined in the long history that there has been a debate about feudalism and counties that has continued, either as a political proposition or as an academic argument. Even in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which was 1800 years from the reign of the Qin Dynasty, the discussion between feudalism and the county system reached another climax with the emergence of a series of major changes in the late Ming Dynasty. This paper begins with the relatively special historical age of the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasty, and selects the representative people of the Ming Dynasty as the starting point to study the feudal arguments of this part of the group in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Through the explanation of his feudal theory and the analysis of its causes, this paper explains the reflection on the rise and fall of his family and country in this period and its profound influence on later generations, and combines with the reality of the present. Show the significance of studying feudalism in contemporary Chinese political development and reform. Most feudalism in history is not divisionism. Its main purpose is not to oppose the unification of the country or to promote the idea of splitting the country with the feudal system. Its starting point and purpose are to safeguard and strengthen autocratic and centralized power. In order to finally achieve national unity, social stability. On the basis of this, the feudal theory of the people of the Ming Dynasty hoped that a series of measures, such as weakening the central power and strengthening the local power, would restrict the supreme imperial power in the traditional society, thus reducing the oppression of the central authorities on the localities and enabling the local society. Economy, culture and other aspects have been fully developed, which is also the main demand of many Jiangnan merchants in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. From the perspective of contemporary national governance and social-political and cultural construction, this appeal is also of great significance for the "promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity" advocated by the Chinese Communist Party at present. So that we can draw wisdom from the reflection of ancient sages and quote the political experience of ancient times as reference. Therefore, from this point of view, the systematic study of the feudal theory of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty has an irreplaceable important value, which is worthy of our deep exploration.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K249
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