清代乾嘉年间官参垄断制度研究

发布时间：2018-11-17 09:38

【摘要】：人参是一种名贵的植物药材,因其具有独特的医疗及保健功效,历来为我国官方和民间所推崇。17世纪兴起于东北的女真政权入主中原后,对自己的龙兴之地格外重视,严禁汉族平民随意出入东北地区,控制貂皮、人参等东北物产的生产和流通,从源头上排斥和限制民间商业资本的参与其中。乾嘉时期,东北地区的人参资源逐渐枯竭,人参采集数量不断降低,清政府在满足自己消费需求的前提下,或由在京官员、宗室旗人出售,或由其他地区的海关、盐政、织造等地方机构出售,依靠行政命令强迫地方机构完成商业销售任务。人参在明代本为普通民间交易商品,清政府对人参商业流通强行实行行政垄断,严厉打击私参贸易,控制人参的流通数量。乾嘉时期民间形成了对人参的迷信,特别是富庶的江南地区民风奢靡,对人参等奢侈品具有旺盛的消费需求,社会上出现了一批指导人参消费的书籍,消费人参成为了一种时尚。清政府对民间人参商业贸易的控制,使民间巨大的人参消费需求无法得到满足,与此同时,正在为中外贸易巨大逆差发愁的西方商人发现了这一商机,兴起了一股贩卖西洋参的热潮。笔者才疏学浅,意图通过探讨政府商品垄断与民间消费需求之间的关系,特别是经济发达地区对某种商品的旺盛需求无法得到满足时,政府控制下的商品垄断应怎样合理地进行改革,以最大程度满足民众消费需求,同时促进相关产业经济的发展,希望此文能够为当今我国经济建设提供一些借鉴。本文共分为三部分,可视为生产、销售和消费。第一部分主要讲维护东北地区人参垄断生产的改革。第二部分为乾嘉时期清政府在人参变价过程中销售的人参数量和所得利润,第三部分则为江南地区消费官参的情况。笔者认为官参生产、销售和消费是三个不可缺少的环节,不可偏废,全力兼顾才能完整地展现清廷对人参的垄断,进而研究所造成的影响。
[Abstract]:Ginseng is a valuable medicinal plant, because of its unique medical and health care efficacy, has always been respected by the Chinese government and folk. 17 century after the rise of the Nu Zhen regime in the Northeast into the Central Plains, they attached great importance to their own land of Longxing. It is strictly forbidden for Han people to enter and leave Northeast China at will, to control the production and circulation of mink, ginseng and other Northeast products, and to exclude and restrict the participation of private commercial capital from the source. During the Qianjia period, ginseng resources in Northeast China gradually dried up, and the collection of ginseng was continuously reduced. The Qing government, on the premise of satisfying its own consumption demand, was sold either by officials in Beijing, by clan flags, or by customs and salt administration in other regions. Weaving and other local institutions to sell, rely on executive orders to force local institutions to complete commercial sales tasks. Ginseng was an ordinary folk trade commodity in Ming Dynasty. The Qing government imposed an administrative monopoly on the commercial circulation of ginseng, severely cracked down on the trade of private ginseng, and controlled the quantity of ginseng circulation. During the Qianjia period, people formed superstition about ginseng, especially in the prosperous south of the Yangtze River. They had a strong consumption demand for ginseng and other luxury goods, and a number of books guiding ginseng consumption appeared in the society. Consumption of ginseng has become a fashion. The Qing government's control over the commercial trade of folk ginseng made it impossible to satisfy the huge consumption demand of folk ginseng. At the same time, Western businessmen, who were worrying about the huge trade deficit between China and foreign countries, discovered this business opportunity. There was a rush to sell American ginseng. The author intends to explore the relationship between government monopoly of commodities and private consumption demand, especially when the strong demand for certain commodities in economically developed areas cannot be satisfied. How to reform the commodity monopoly under the control of the government in order to satisfy the consumer demand to the greatest extent and to promote the development of the economy of related industries at the same time, I hope this article can provide some reference for the economic construction of our country today. This article is divided into three parts, can be regarded as production, sales and consumption. The first part mainly talks about the reform of maintaining the northeast area ginseng monopoly production. The second part is about the quantity and profit of ginseng sold by Qing government in Qianjia period, and the third part is about the consumption of ginseng in Jiangnan area. The author thinks that the production, sale and consumption of official ginseng are three indispensable links.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K249

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