土壤重金属污染的生物修复研究进展

发布时间：2017-12-27 06:37

本文关键词：土壤重金属污染的生物修复研究进展　出处：《林业科学》2017年05期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：近些年,土壤重金属污染日益严重,已对人类健康和社会发展造成严重威胁。同时,土壤污染修复技术也飞速发展,尤其是生物修复技术的发展,为重金属污染修复提供了更为高效、绿色的手段。本文对生物修复特点、发展历程、植物修复和微生物修复的研究进展进行综述,期望能对土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究提供参考。近些年来,生物修复领域引进了系统生物学、宏基因组学、转基因技术等方法,用整体的、系统的眼光看待生物修复过程,以此解决生物修复技术在不同环境条件下效果不稳定等问题,这对其产生了意义深远的影响。在植物修复方面,研究集中在利用转基因植物修复污染、利用细胞工程技术强化植物修复和发展农作物类超积累植物等方面。微生物修复的研究重点在于微生物的筛选改造以及植物-微生物联合修复。生物修复的发展面临诸多问题,首先,现阶段的研究主要集中在实验室和小规模样地阶段,大规模环境修复的案例还很少,有些修复手段虽然在实验室取得较好效果,可一旦应用于工程实际,因外部环境变的复杂且不可控,就会出现一系列的问题,其次,单纯的生物手段很难修复重度重金属污染土壤,因为生物修复的基础是生命的新陈代谢活动,每种生物对重金属都有一定的耐受范围,超出范围,生物修复的效果就会大打折扣;最后,生物修复效果的不稳定问题也是其难以大规模应用的重要原因。对于以上问题的解决可以从以下5方面入手:1)培养、选育超积累植物,筛选更加适合的微生物作为生物材料进行环境修复植物和微生物的筛选和培育是生物修复技术的基础,生命宝库巨大且神秘,需要研究人员的不懈探索;2)利用现代生物技术对生物材料进行改造,如转基因技术、细胞融合技术、细胞杂交技术和生物诱变技术等因为自然的植物和微生物在应用于重金属修复时存在诸多劣势,需利用现代生物技术对其进行改造,以提高其对环境的耐受性和修复效率;3)将生物修复重金属污染作为一个系统进行研究,通过基因组学、蛋白质组学的研究,了解系统中生命的代谢途径和调控机制,运用系统生物学和生物信息学的方法,整体把握整个生物修复过程,提高生物修复效果的稳定性;4)新技术、方法的应用现阶段在土壤修复领域的新技术、新方法不断涌现,如环保新材料沸石等土壤调理剂的应用可有效改善土壤性质,提高植物和微生物的修复效率,增强生物对污染物的抗性,生物修复的知识体系应不断吸收新的技术方法,使之更加高效、完善;5)发展联合修复方式任何一种修复手段都有其优势和劣势,单一的修复方式往往很难达到效果,在实际修复过程中应取长补短,综合运用各种修复技术和手段。对于生物修复来说,超积累植物、功能微生物、物理化学环保新材料的综合应用是未来发展的主要方向和目标。现有的土壤重金属钝化、固定化技术只是将重金属暂时封存,很容易造成二次污染,难以达到彻底修复的目的。因此发展能彻底将重金属从土壤中移除或清除的技术才是未来研究方向。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the pollution of heavy metals in soil is becoming more and more serious, which has caused serious threat to human health and social development. Meanwhile, the technology of soil remediation is developing rapidly, especially the development of bioremediation technology, which provides a more efficient and green way for heavy metal pollution remediation. In this paper, the characteristics, development process, phytoremediation and microbial remediation of bioremediation are reviewed, hoping to provide references for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. In recent years, the introduction of the bioremediation field of systems biology, metagenomics, transgenic technology and other methods, see the bioremediation process as a whole, the vision system, in order to solve the problem of bioremediation technology in different environmental conditions such as the effect of instability, which produce a far-reaching influence. In phytoremediation, the research focused on the use of genetically modified plants to repair pollution, the use of cell engineering technology to enhance phytoremediation and the development of crop hyperaccumulator plants. The focus of microbial remediation is the screening of microbes and the combination of plants and microorganisms. The development of bioremediation are faced with many problems, first of all, the present study mainly concentrated in the laboratory and small scale sample stage, large-scale environmental remediation case is rare, although some repair methods achieved good effect in the laboratory, once applied in engineering practice, because of the external environment is complex and uncontrollable, there will be a series of the problem, second, purely biological means it is difficult to repair severe heavy metal pollution in soil, because the foundation of bioremediation is the life of every living The new supersedes the old. activities of heavy metals have a certain tolerance range, beyond the scope of the bioremediation effect will be greatly reduced; finally, the unstable problem of bioremediation is difficult to large-scale applications the important reason. To solve the above problems can be from the following 5 aspects: 1) cultivation and breeding of hyperaccumulator plants, screening and breeding as biological materials for environmental remediation plants and more suitable for the screening of microbial microbial bioremediation technology is the basis of life, treasure huge and mysterious, need unremitting exploration and research staff; 2) transformation the biological materials using modern biological technology, such as cell fusion technology, transgenic technology, cell hybridization and biological mutation technology because of natural plants and microorganisms used in remediation of heavy metal have many disadvantages, need to reform the use of modern biotechnology, in order to improve its resistance to the environment and repair efficiency; 3) the bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated as a system of research, the research of proteomics by genomics, understanding, and metabolic pathways in the system of life The regulation mechanism, using the method of system biology and bioinformatics, the overall grasp of the bioremediation process, improve the stability of bioremediation; 4) new technology, the application of the method at present in the field of soil remediation of new technologies and new methods continue to emerge, such as the application of environmental protection and new materials such as zeolite soil conditioner can effectively improve the soil nature, improve repair efficiency of the plant and microbial biology, enhanced resistance to pollutants, bioremediation of knowledge system should continue to absorb new technology and methods, to make it more efficient and perfect; 5) the development of joint repair any kind of repair method has its advantages and disadvantages, repair single way is often difficult to achieve the effect of in the actual repair process, should learn from each other, the comprehensive use of various repair techniques and methods. For bioremediation, the integrated application of superaccumulative plants, functional microbes and physical and chemical environmental protection materials is the main direction and goal of future development. The existing technology of soil heavy metal passivation and immobilization is only temporarily sequestration of heavy metals. It is easy to cause two pollution, and it is difficult to achieve the purpose of complete restoration. Therefore, the development of the technology to remove or remove the heavy metals from the soil is the future research direction.
【作者单位】：中国林业科学研究院林业研究所林木遗传育种国家重点实验室国家林业局林木培育重点实验室;
【基金】：国家林业局引进国际先进林业科学技术项目“生化黄腐酸高效发酵菌种及生产工艺引进”(2013-4-54)
【分类号】：X53
【正文快照】： 化学上依据密度把金属分为重金属和轻金属,把密度大于4.5 g·cm-3的金属称为重金属。环境保护领域所说的重金属指:汞、镉、铅、铬、铜、锌以及类金属砷等生物毒性显著的重金属(栗萍,2014)。重金属污染是长期工业生产、无序排放、积累而产生的。重金属在土壤中不容易被移除,而

【相似文献】