转基因农作物基因污染侵权法律规制问题研究

发布时间：2017-12-27 12:16

本文关键词：转基因农作物基因污染侵权法律规制问题研究　出处：《甘肃政法学院》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着人口增加,粮食、环境、土地等资源危机的日益严重,20世纪50年代开始,农业领域发生了两次绿色革命,即以农作物杂交、化肥与灌溉的普及为主导的第一次绿色革命以及21世纪转基因技术兴起带来的转基因农作物种植的第二次绿色革命。两次绿色革命都极大地提高了粮食的产量,解决了最关键的粮食安全问题,促进了社会的发展。但是随着第二次绿色革命的进一步发展,转基因农作物商业化种植也带来了一系列问题,如因环境释放不当(1)造成的污染侵权以及对农民人身权益、财产权益的侵权即是其中的重要问题。本文在大量阅读相关文献的基础上,主要分两部分对转基因农作物污染侵权进行论证:一是对生态环境的侵害。转基因农作物种植过程中不适当的存储环境、运输环境以及环境释放,造成的基因污染侵权。二是对农民权益的侵害。首先,对农民留种权的侵犯;其次,转基因农作物混入他人非转基因农作物中,该权利人为清除污染增加了种植成本;再次,转基因农作物与他人的非转基因农作物发生杂交,导致传统农作物受到转基因农作物的污染,提供有机农产品的农民丧失了其市场机会。综上,本文将以转基因农作物安全问题为视角,以转基因农作物种植过程中造成的“基因污染”以及对种植者造成的损害为切入点,通过深入了解转基因技术及转基因农作物的发展,审视现行侵权责任法相关理论,提出转基因农作物基因污染是一种新型环境侵权。本文主要包括以下四个部分:文章第一部分首先对转基因相关概念进行了简明的阐释,其次对转基因农作物种植在国内外的发展现状进行简单的介绍,为转基因农作物种植污染侵权事件的发生奠定了现实基础,最后对我国与转基因农作物种植污染侵权的相关法律规范进行解析,得出我国在对这一侵权行为进行规制时缺少全方位立法的结论。文章第二部分主要是针对英美法系、大陆法系典型国家关于转基因农作物种植活动的法律规制予以研究。对两大法系关于转基因农作物种植过程中的侵权问题的研究现状进行考察,通过对两大法系主要国家关于转基因农作物种植过程中防范侵权损害的法律实践的研究发现,这些国家在开展转基因农作物种植活动中存在着共性。这些域外经验对我国转基因农作物的种植具有重要的借鉴意义。针对转基因改造技术,我国应参考域外的经验,在发展转基因农作物种植活动中,既要慎重又要大胆,不能因噎废食(1)。文章第三部分主要是从归责原则、构成要件两个方面对转基因农作物基因污染侵权理论研究进行重构。对转基因农作物污染侵权责任的归责原则以及构成要件进行建构:转基因农作物污染侵权是一种新型的环境侵权行为,与一般的环境侵权相比较有自身的特殊性,笔者认为,在该类侵权事件中,在对相关责任人进行责任认定时,不能直接照搬一般环境侵权的相关规则,而是应该针对特定情形进行分析。文章第四部分在对转基因农作物基因污染侵权相关理论介绍的基础上,笔者首先提出在我国现行《侵权责任法》中对转基因农作物污染侵权进行专门规制。其次,笔者提出在转基因农作物商业化种植已成趋势的今天,我国应借鉴相关国外立法制定专门的《转基因生物安全法》,为转基因农作物种植提供明确的法律依据,促进我国转基因技术在农业领域的发展。
[Abstract]:With the increase of population, food, environment and land resources crisis is becoming increasingly serious, the beginning of 1950s, the two green revolution agriculture, namely to popularize fertilizer and irrigation, crop hybrid dominated the first green revolution and the rise of transgenic technology twenty-first Century second green revolution brought the planting of genetically modified crops. The two green revolution has greatly improved the grain production, solved the most critical food security problems and promoted the development of the society. But with the further development of the second green revolution, the commercial planting of genetically modified crops has brought a series of problems, such as the pollution tort caused by the improper environmental release (1) and the infringement on the rights and interests of the farmers and property rights. In this paper, on the basis of a large number of reading related literature, this paper is mainly divided into two parts to demonstrate the infringement of genetically modified crops pollution: first, the ecological environment is infringed. The improper storage environment, transportation environment and environmental release during the planting of genetically modified crops caused the infringement of gene pollution. Two is the infringement of the rights and interests of the peasants. First of all, a violation of the right of farmers to seed; secondly, genetically modified crops with non GM crops in others, the human rights clearance of pollution increase the planting cost; thirdly, hybrid transgenic crops and others non genetically modified crops, causing traditional crops by transgenic crops pollution, provide organic agricultural products, farmers lost their market opportunities. In summary, this paper will be from the perspective of the safety of genetically modified crops, to the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process of the "genetic pollution" and the damage caused by the farmers as the starting point, through in-depth understanding of the development of transgenic technology and transgenic crops, review the theory of the tort liability law, the genetically modified crops gene is a new type of environmental pollution tort. This paper mainly includes the following four parts: the first part of the first transgenic related concept of a concise explanation, secondly on the cultivation of genetically modified crops development status at home and abroad are briefly introduced. The planting of genetically engineered crops pollution tort incident occurred and laid a foundation in reality, finally analyzes the relevant legal norms planting pollution infringement China and GM crops, that China's lack of a full range of legislation in the regulation of the infringement of the conclusion. The second part of the article is mainly to study the legal regulation of the transgenic crops planting activities in the typical countries of the common law system and the continental law system. To study the status quo of infringement of the two legal systems on the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process, through the research on the legal practice to prevent infringement two major countries on the cultivation of genetically modified crops in the process of discovery, these countries are in common in the development of transgenic crops planting activities. These extraterritorial experiences are of great significance for the cultivation of transgenic crops in China. According to GM technology, China should refer to foreign experience in the development of genetically modified crops planting activities, both must be cautious and bold, not unworthy (1). The third part of the article mainly reconstructs the theoretical research on gene pollution tort of genetically modified crops from two aspects of the principle of imputation and the constituent elements. The imputation principle of genetically modified crops pollution tort liability and the elements of Construction: genetically modified crops pollution tort is a new kind of environmental tort, compared with the general environmental tort particularity, the author think, in this kind of infringement, the relevant persons responsible for the confirmation of responsibility, not directly copy the relevant general rules of environmental tort, but should be analyzed according to the specific situation. In the fourth part of the article, based on the introduction of related theories of genetic pollution of genetically modified crops, the author first puts forward the special regulations for the infringement of genetically modified crops in China's current tort liability law. Secondly, the author puts forward the commercial planting of GM crops has become the trend of today, China should learn from the relevant foreign legislation to establish special "GMO Safety Law", to provide a clear legal basis for the cultivation of genetically modified crops, promote the development of transgenic technology in China in the field of agriculture.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68;S188

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