土壤铜、锌、铅污染对上海草本植物群落的影响

发布时间：2018-03-16 01:11

本文选题：土壤重金属　切入点：草本植物　出处：《华东师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：土壤是最重要的环境因素之一,它与其他各环境要素的联系密不可分。中国各大中小城市、城乡结合区、近郊远郊以及郊区土壤以及农村耕地均受到了不同程度的重金属污染。草本植物是一类环境适应性很强的植物类型,具备生长快、抗逆性强以及具有比灌木更高敏感性等特点,研究土壤重金属对草本植物群落的影响、草本植物对于土壤重金属污染的响应及富集重金属能力可以为草本修复提供更多理论依据与实践意义。本文实验地点选在上海辰山植物园2000m2的模拟控制试验场,设置面积10m×10m植物种植样格,人工添加铅、锌、铜3种城市土壤污染中常见重金属化学物质。每种重金属设置4个重复,4个对照(未添加重金属)以及4个三种重金属混合样地,共20块样方。通过调查春秋两季样地草本群落的种类组成、生物量测量、分布及生境因子,分析三种重金属对草本植物群落的影响,同时调查小样方内优势种地上、地下生物量,进行根系分析以及测定混合重金属样地内优势种草本体内重金属含量,了解草本植物对三种重金属的富集能力,结合草本自身的生物学和生态学特点,分析草本群落特点及其与土壤重金属之间的关系,充实城市生态学理论。经过对上述研究内容的汇总分析,归纳本论文的主要结论如下：(1)20块不同重金属污染模拟试验样地土壤PH、含水率、总有机质含量、土壤总氮、总磷含量等土壤理化性质指标均无显著差异。说明本重金属修复实验场地满足控制变量实验要求,所得实验结果对于重金属对草本植物影响的分析具有说服力。(2)春秋两季共调查样方40个,共记录草本植物物种114种。春秋季不同处理下草本植物种类数量均存在差异,总体是对照样地种类最多,混合重金属样地种类最少。(3)春秋两季不同重金属处理样地内草本植物群落物种多样性具有显著差异。均是未人工添加重金属的对照样地内的值最高,复合重金属污染样地内的指数最低,但各处理间指标高低并不一致。说明土壤重金属污染可以抑制草本层植物的多样性,使植被多样性降低,物种丰富度下降,土壤重金属复合污染情况下,这种破坏草本群落多样性更为严重。(4)春秋两季小样方地上生物量、地下生物量以及总生物量的最小值均出现在重金属复合处理样地内,最大值均出现在Zn处理样地内,对照样地次之。(5)灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)在铅样地内的各项生物量指标均最高,且明显还要高于无重金属添加的对照样地值,混合重金属样地最低。牛筋草(Eleusine indica)在锌处理样地内的各项指标均最高,高于无重金属添加的对照样地值,在其他样地内无一致规律。(6)灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)的形态学变化,指标包括根系总根长、总投影面积、平均直径、总表面积、根系总体积、根尖数,结果与生物量结果一致,均为铅处理下各项指标最高且均明显高于对照样地内结果；牛筋草(Eleusine indica)根系部分分析结果与生物量结果并不一致,锌处理下根系各项指标并未表现出明显的优越性,说明牛筋草对于锌表现出抗性的结论还需讨论。(7)十种优势种草本植物地上地下部分对于重金属的富集能力表现出一致性,但最大最小值均出现在不同草本,初步比较出各草本优势种对三种重金属的富集能力,为进一步筛选重金属修复草本提供实验依据。
[Abstract]:Soil is one of the most important environmental factor, it and other relevant environmental factors linked closely. The small and medium-sized China City, integration of urban and rural areas, rural and suburban outer suburbs and suburban farmland soil are subject to different degrees of heavy metal pollution. Herb is a kind of very strong adaptability to environment of the plant type, with fast growth, resistance strong and has a higher sensitivity than shrubs and other characteristics, effects of soil heavy metals on herbaceous plant communities, herbaceous plants for the response of soil heavy metal pollution and heavy metals complex can provide more theoretical basis and practical significance for herbal repair. This experiment selected locations in the simulation test field of Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden 2000m2, set the the planting area of 10m * 10m grid, added lead, zinc, common chemicals in soil contaminated by heavy metals in 3 city copper. Each kind of heavy metal. The 4 replicates of 4 controls (without adding heavy metal) and 4 mixed samples of three kinds of heavy metals, a total of 20 samples. Through the investigation of species in two seasons like herbaceous community composition, biomass measurement, distribution and habitat factors, analysis of three kinds of heavy metals on the herbaceous plant community's influence, at the same time survey the advantage of farming within sample, underground biomass, root analysis and determination of mixed heavy metal sample in the contents of heavy metals in the dominant species of herb, understand the enrichment ability of herbaceous plants to three kinds of heavy metals with biological and ecological characteristics of the herb, herbaceous community characteristics analysis and its relationship with soil heavy metals, enrich the theory of ecology city after analysis of above research, the main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) soil PH plots simulated 20 different heavy metal pollution of water content, total organic matter content The amount of total nitrogen, total phosphorus content of soil, soil physicochemical properties index showed no significant difference. The heavy metal remediation experimental site control variables meet the experimental requirements, the results of the experiment are convincing analysis of the effects of heavy metals on herbaceous plants. (2) a total of two seasons and 40 plots, a total of 114 species of herbaceous plants spring and autumn records. There were differences under different herbaceous species number, overall control plots were the most mixed heavy metal sample type is at least. (3) the two seasons and different heavy metals processing herb community, species diversity has significant difference. The highest value is to go in without manual the addition of heavy metal, heavy metal pollution index is the lowest composite plots, but the performance is not consistent among different treatments. Soil heavy metal pollution can inhibit the diversity of herbaceous plants, the vegetation diversity Decreased species richness decreased, the compound pollution of soil heavy metals, the destruction of herbaceous community diversity is more serious. (4) during the spring and autumn season two sample square ground biomass, underground biomass and total biomass of the minimum value appeared in the composite treatment of heavy metals in the plots, the maximum values appeared like processing in Zn, on the same time. (5) c.glaucum (Chenopodium glaucum) the biomass index in Pb in sample plots were the highest, and significantly more than the control without heavy metal added value, like the lowest. Mixed heavy metal (Eleusine indica) in Goosegrass zinc treatment indicators like inside were the highest, higher than that without adding the same value of heavy metals, no consistent rules in other plots. (6) c.glaucum (Chenopodium glaucum) morphological changes of root indexes including total root length, total area, average diameter, total root surface area. The volume, number of root tips, the result is consistent with the biomass, were the highest and the indicators under lead treatment were significantly higher than that of the control; Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) analysis results of root biomass is not consistent with the results, the indicators of root Zn treatment did not show obvious superiority, that Goosegrass for zinc showed resistance are discussed. Conclusion (7) the ten dominant species of herbaceous plants on the underground part of the accumulation ability of heavy metals shows consistency, but the maximum and minimum values appeared in different herbs, a preliminary comparison of the dominant herbage species of three kinds of heavy metal enrichment capability, to provide the experimental basis for further screening of heavy metal remediation herbs.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q948.1;X53

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