覆膜年限及灌水方法对河套灌区农膜残留的影响

发布时间：2018-04-11 22:39

本文选题：灌溉 + 膜　；参考：《农业工程学报》2017年14期

【摘要】：为阐明内蒙古河套灌区农膜残留现状及覆膜年限、灌水方法对农膜残留的影响,该文采用查阅资料、问卷调研及田间取样等相结合的方法,分析了内蒙古河套灌区及典型研究区地膜覆盖现状,并在典型研究区考虑了覆膜年限(覆膜2、5、10、20 a)、灌水方法(膜下滴灌和地面灌溉覆膜)和作物种类(玉米和葵花)3个因子,探索其对农膜残留强度、破碎率、残膜分布及残膜碎片大小的影响。结果表明:内蒙古河套灌区2005—2014年地膜使用量和覆膜面积均呈跨越式增长,分别增长了125.81%和147.62%;而典型研究区更是增长了240%和265.81%,然而单位面积覆膜量却下降了8.82%和7.08%。不同覆膜年限和灌水方法显著影响农膜残留强度和破碎率(P0.05),其中覆膜5、10、20 a后的残留强度平均比覆膜2 a分别增长了80.14%、163.70%、273.64%,破碎率平均比覆膜2 a分别增长了20.97%、38.14%、60.20%;膜下滴灌与地面灌溉覆膜相比残留强度平均提高了42.92%,破碎率平均提高了20.01%。农膜残留主要集中在土壤0~10 cm土层内,占64.89%;典型研究区面积为0~4和4~20 cm2的残膜分别占残膜总片数的31.06%和27.81%,且随着覆膜年限增加,下层残膜片数占总残膜片数的比例逐渐增加,其中覆膜20 a农田与覆膜2 a农田相比0~10 cm土层残膜占总残膜片数由71.47%降低为54.61%,10~20 cm土层由23.37%升高为32.24%,而不同灌水方式对残膜在土壤中的分布影响不大。随着覆膜年限的增加土壤中不同面积残膜比例差异越显著且小面积残膜比例增加,覆膜2~20 a后,面积为20 cm2以下的残膜数量分别是面积为20 cm2以上的1.43~1.59倍(P0.05)。研究结果可为农膜残留防治提供参考。
[Abstract]:In order to elucidate the present situation of film residue in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia and the effect of film mulching and irrigation methods on the film residue, the methods of consulting information, questionnaire investigation and field sampling were used in this paper.The present situation of plastic film mulching in Hetao irrigation area and typical research area of Inner Mongolia was analyzed, and three factors were taken into account in the typical study area: film mulching years (film mulching 2 ~ 5 ~ 10 ~ (10) ~ (20) a ~ (-1)), irrigation method (film mulching under film and surface irrigation) and crop types (maize and sunflower).The effects on the residual strength, breakage rate, residual film distribution and debris size of agricultural film were investigated.The results showed that in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia from 2005 to 2014, the use of plastic film and the area of film mulching increased by 125.81% and 147.62%, respectively, while the typical study area increased by 240% and 265.81%, but the amount of film mulching per unit area decreased by 8.82% and 7.08% respectively.Compared with surface irrigation, the residual strength of irrigation was increased by 42.92, and the breaking rate was increased by 20.01%.With the increase of film mulching years, the difference of residual film proportion of different areas in soil was more significant and the proportion of small area residue film increased. After 20 years of film mulching, the number of residual film less than 20 cm2 was 1.431.59 times of that of more than 20 cm2 area (P0.05).The results of the study can provide a reference for the control of agricultural film residues.
【作者单位】：内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金(51669020、51469022、51539005) 内蒙古自然科学基金(2016JQ06) “十三五”重点研发计划(2016YFC0400205)
【分类号】：X712

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