有机肥施用对土壤和玉米籽粒中重金属累积效应的影响

发布时间：2018-06-12 06:54

本文选题：有机质 + 土壤重金属　；参考：《东北农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会和人口数量的快速发展,人们对粮食的需求越来越高。为了提高作物产量,土壤中施用了大量的肥料,同时为了保持和提高土壤肥力,改善生态环境,有机肥的使用量大大增加。有机肥又以畜牧粪为主,但近些年养殖业生产中大量使用饲料添加剂,促进动物生长、防止病害、提高饲料利用效率等,由于饲料添加剂中含有大量的重金属,动物体内的重金属随粪便排出,进而使有机肥中重金属的含量增加。因此,研究有机肥对土壤中重金属含量、玉米籽粒中重金属含量和土壤有机质含量的影响,对进一步挖掘有机肥对土壤和作物重金属污染具有重要的意义。本研究以黑龙江省海林农场二分场为研究对象,设置5个处理,100%有机肥(T1);30%有机肥+70%化肥(T2);20%有机肥+80%化肥(T3);100%化肥(T4);不施肥(CK),将肥料连续3年(2013-2015)施用到土壤中,分别测定土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn含量的变化;2015年玉米籽粒中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量的变化。(1)同年试验中,随着有机肥在施用肥料中比例增加,T1处理土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量在2013、2014、2015年中分别高出CK 76.92%、126.43%、175.86%;77.94%、76.62%、77.60%;23.95%、92.53%、136.35%;50.21%、70.48%、94.57%;34.57%、60.87%、83.56%;34.82%、45.94%、63.46%;69.19%、95.11%、124.47%;15.75%、47.88%、64.16%;T1处理土壤中重金属含量显著高于T2、T3、T4和CK(P0.05)。连续三年试验中,土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn含量T1处理在2014较2013年增加了37.83%、51.42%;1.80%、3.31%;67.16%、26.69%;2015较2014年增加了14.69%、15.97%;19.55%、20.72%;14.64%、14.78%;16.25%、15.83%;27.19%、12.96%;T1处理增加的比例均较T2、T3、T4和CK四个处理高,T1处理的含量也显著高于其他四个处理(P0.05)。形成污染的元素有:Cd含量超过了国家标准的6%;Ni含量超过了国家标准的2%;Pb含量最大值为83.59 mg/kg,高于国家标准的80 mg/kg;有一些元素虽然没有形成污染,但是随着有机肥施用量不断的增加和施用时间的增长,对土壤形成了潜在的污染威胁。(2)同年试验中,随着有机肥的施用比例增加,T1处理玉米籽粒中重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量比CK增加了106.78%;145.88%、208.06%、23.53%、50.00%、22.07%、53.86%、106.78%、66.91%,T1处理的含量显著高于T2、T3、T4和CK四个处理(P0.05)。Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量均未没有超过国家标准,但随着逐年元素含量的增加已经接近了国家标准的元素,对玉米籽粒形成了潜在的污染威胁。土壤中重金属与玉米籽粒中重金属含量相关性分析表明,玉米籽粒中重金属含量与土壤中重金属呈显著正相关的关系。(3)风险评价研究表明,超过国家标准的重金属元素有Cd 0.48 mg/kg超过了国家标准的6%,Ni超过国家标准的2%,As最大值为20.82 mg/kg,虽然低于国家标准的30 mg/kg,但是也已经接近污染的数值,Pb最大值为83.59 mg/kg,高于国家标准的80 mg/kg,Cu最大值为76.32 mg/kg,低于国家标准的100 mg/kg;玉米籽粒中重金属Ni、As、Cd、Pb、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr含量,随着向土壤中施用有机肥的比例的增加和时间的增长,土壤中重金属的含量均有所增加,重金属Cd、Cr、Cu最大值都接近了国家粮食安全的标准,而没有形成污染的元素重金属含量也在不断的增加,对土壤和籽粒中的重金属含量有着潜在的威胁。(4)有机质和重金属的相关关系研究表明,土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Zn含量的升高与土壤中的四种有机质含量有显著正相关的关系(p0.01);玉米籽粒中Ni、As、Cd、Pb、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量的升高与土壤中的四种有机质含量有显著正相关的关系(p0.01)。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of society and population, the demand for grain is getting higher and higher. In order to improve the crop yield, a lot of fertilizer is applied in the soil. At the same time, in order to keep and improve the soil fertility and improve the ecological environment, the amount of organic manure is greatly increased. The organic manure is mainly animal manure, but in recent years, a large number of livestock production is produced. The feed additives are used to promote the growth of animals, prevent diseases and improve the utilization efficiency of feed. Because of the heavy metals in the feed additives, heavy metals in the animals are discharged with the feces, and the content of heavy metals in the organic fertilizer is increased. Therefore, the heavy metal content in soil and the heavy metal content in corn grain are studied. The influence of soil organic matter content is of great significance to the further excavation of organic manure for soil and heavy metal pollution. In this study, 5 treatments, 100% organic manure (T1), 30% organic fertilizer +70% fertilizer (T2), 20% organic fertilizer +80% fertilizer (T3), 100% fertilizer (T4), and no fertilizer (CK), will be set up in the two division of the farm in Heilongjiang province. The changes in the content of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn in soil were measured in the soil for 3 years (2013-2015), and the changes in the content of heavy metals in corn grains in 2015 were changed. (1) in the same year, the proportion of heavy metals in the fertilizer was increased with the proportion of organic fertilizer in the fertilizer application. The content of Zn was higher than that of CK 76.92%, 126.43%, 175.86%, 77.94%, 76.62%, 77.60%, 23.95%, 92.53%, 136.35%, 50.21%, 70.48%, 94.57%, 94.57%; T1 treatment soil heavy metal content was significantly higher than that of T2, T3, T4 and CK (P0.05). In the experiment, the content of Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn content in the soil increased by 37.83%, 51.42%, 1.80%, 3.31%, 67.16%, 26.69%; 2015 compared to 2014, and increased by 14.69%, 15.97%, 19.55%, 20.72%, 14.64%, 14.78%; T1 treatment increased It was also significantly higher than the other four treatments (P0.05). The contents of pollution were: the content of Cd exceeded the national standard 6%; the Ni content exceeded the national standard 2%; the Pb content was 83.59 mg/kg, higher than the national standard 80 mg/kg; some elements did not form pollution, but with the continuous increase and application time of organic fertilizer application. (2) in the same year, the content of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, increased by 106.78%, 145.88%, 208.06%, 23.53%, 50%, 22.07%, 53.86%, 106.78%, 66.91%. The contents of (P0.05).Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu have not exceeded the national standard, but as the content of the elements increased year by year, it has been close to the national standard elements, forming a potential pollution threat to corn grains. The correlation analysis between heavy metals in soil and heavy metal content in corn seed grains shows that heavy metals in corn grains contain heavy metals. 3. (3) the risk assessment study showed that the heavy metal elements exceeding the national standard had Cd 0.48 mg/kg exceeding the national standard 6%, Ni exceeded the national standard 2%, and the As maximum was 20.82 mg/kg, although it was lower than the national standard 30 mg /kg, but it was also close to the pollution value, the maximum value of Pb was 8. 3.59 mg/kg, higher than national standard 80 mg/kg, Cu maximum value of 76.32 mg/kg, lower than national standard 100 mg/kg; heavy metals Ni, As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Fe, Mn, Cu, the content of heavy metals in the soil, with the increase in the proportion of organic manure and the increase of time. Close to the standard of national food security, while the content of heavy metals in the elements without pollution is increasing, and there is a potential threat to the heavy metal content in soil and grain. (4) the relationship between organic matter and heavy metals shows that the increase of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn content in soil and four organic matter in the soil There was a significant positive correlation (P0.01); the increase of Ni, As, Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn content in corn grains was significantly correlated with the content of four organic matter in the soil (P0.01).
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X53;X503.231;S513

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