华北平原地区沉积物中黑碳和重金属的浓度和来源的历史变化

发布时间：2018-07-02 08:19

本文选题：黑碳 + 沉积通量　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：气溶胶状态污染物是悬浮在大气中的主要颗粒污染物,它能使大气的能见度降低,而且,还会对气候的变化有着直接的影响。同时,气溶胶污染物对人体健康也是有害的,可以引发多种疾病。在气溶胶污染物中,由于不完全燃烧产生的黑碳(Black carbon,BC)是细颗粒物PM2.5中的主要污染物。黑碳由于吸光作用,可以使气候变暖,引起全球的温室效应。一般来说,黑碳是引起全球变暖的重要短期物质,它的影响效果仅次于CO2。因此,在短时间内,抑制黑碳的排放,可以有效缓解全球的变暖。因此,研究黑碳的浓度和来源的历史变化是十分有必要的。由于经济的发展,排放到环境中的重金属的浓度也随之增高。过量的重金属对人类的健康和生态系统都是有害的。重金属的排放、来源和变化趋势也因此受到广泛的关注。重金属严重危害人类健康。一般而言,重金属不能被生物降解,它能够富集,最后进入人体,对人体健康造成一定的威胁。湖泊沉积物一般被视为研究环境和气候变化的理想样本。因此重建华北平原地区的黑碳和重金属(Zn,Ni,Cu,Pb,Co)100年的污染历史可以更好的了解历史能源结构的变化。在本文中,我们采集了 3个湖泊沉积物样品。结果显示,黑碳和重金属在3个湖泊岩心柱中的分布趋势是一致的。在1900-2010年,三个沉积物岩芯中黑碳的浓度分别为0.17-1.28 mg g-1,021-2.59 mg g-1,0.16-1.85 mg g-1,黑碳的沉积通量分别为 0.1-4.7 g m-2 a-1,0.1-8.2 g m-2 a-1,0.2-7.4 g m-2 a-1,说明从工业化之前到近几年黑碳的污染增加了近10倍。黑碳的沉积通量和重金属Zn,Cu,Pb的浓度出现了两个峰值,第一个峰值在1970到1980年,住宅能源消费和生物质燃烧(低温燃烧源)是上世纪70年代黑碳浓度增加的原因,由于工业、电力、交通运输行业(工业化源)消耗的化石燃料在1990年之前是微不足道的。自从1990年以来黑碳的浓度又出现了增长的趋势,并且,在2010年又出现了另一个峰值,而且其数值比之前的浓度都要高。然而,在1990-2010年间工业化源的显著增加,与近几十年低温燃烧源排放的黑碳相竞争,这是近几十年黑碳的浓度出现峰值的原因。重金属的浓度在1970-1980年和近几年都有一个峰值,这和黑碳的浓度变化有相同的特征。重建渤海湾沉积物中的重金属污染物的历史,可以较好地反映其重金属污染的累积的过程,也可以更好的解释人类的活动对于渤海湾沉积物中的重金属污染的影响的过程。用PMF模型对重金属进行了源解析,发现不同的重金属有不同的来源,而且制造业所占的比重最大,达到了 39.84%;其次是燃煤所占的比例,达到了 31.94%;最后是冶炼所占的比例,也达到了 28.22%。制造业所占的比重是最大的,这和实际也是相符合的。本论文通过重建华北平原地区的沉积物样品,解析黑碳和重金属100年历史的浓度和来源。为了解华北平原的污染历史提供可靠的依据。
[Abstract]:Aerosol state pollutants are the main particulate pollutants suspended in the atmosphere. They can reduce the visibility of the atmosphere and have a direct impact on climate change. At the same time, aerosol pollutants are harmful to human health and can cause many diseases. Among aerosol pollutants, black carbon (Black carbon) produced by incomplete combustion is the main pollutant in PM2.5. Black carbon, due to the absorption of light, can make the climate warm, causing global Greenhouse Effect. Generally speaking, black carbon is an important short-term material that causes global warming, and its effect is second only to that of CO 2. Therefore, in a short period of time, the suppression of black carbon emissions can effectively mitigate global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to study the historical change of black carbon concentration and source. With the development of economy, the concentration of heavy metals emitted into the environment increases. Excessive heavy metals are harmful to human health and ecosystems. The emission, source and changing trend of heavy metals have been paid more and more attention. Heavy metals are a serious hazard to human health. In general, heavy metals can not be biodegraded, it can be enriched, and finally into the human body, causing a certain threat to human health. Lake sediments are generally considered ideal samples for environmental and climate change studies. Therefore, reconstructing the pollution history of black carbon and heavy metals (ZnPbCo) in North China Plain for 100 years can better understand the change of historical energy structure. In this paper, we collected three lake sediment samples. The results show that the distribution trend of black carbon and heavy metals in the core columns of three lakes is consistent. From 1900 to 2010, the concentration of black carbon in the three sediment cores was 0.17-1.28 mg g-1021-2.59 mg g-1C 0.16-1.85 mg g-1, and the deposition flux of black carbon was 0.1-4.7 g m-2 a-1n 0.1-8.2 g m-2 a-1n 0.2-7.4 g ma-1, indicating that the pollution of black carbon increased by nearly 10 times from pre-industrialization to recent years. The deposition flux of black carbon and the concentration of Zn ~ (2 +) Cu ~ (2 +) Pb have two peaks, the first peak is from 1970 to 1980, the consumption of residential energy and biomass combustion (low temperature combustion source) are the reasons for the increase of black carbon concentration in 1970s, due to industry, The fossil fuel consumed by the electricity, transportation and transportation industries was insignificant until 1990. Black carbon concentrations have been rising since 1990, and another peak in 2010, which is higher than previous levels. However, the significant increase in industrial sources between 1990 and 2010 competes with the black carbon emissions from low-temperature combustion sources in recent decades, which is the reason for the peak black carbon concentrations in recent decades. The concentration of heavy metals had a peak in 1970-1980 and in recent years, which was similar to the change of black carbon concentration. Reconstructing the history of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments of the Bohai Bay can better reflect the accumulation process of heavy metal pollution and explain the influence of human activities on the heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the Bohai Bay. The source analysis of heavy metals using PMF model shows that different heavy metals have different sources, and the manufacturing industry accounts for the largest proportion of 39.84, followed by the proportion of coal burning to 31.94 percent, and finally the proportion of smelting. It also reached 28.22. Manufacturing accounts for the largest share, which is in line with the reality. In this paper, the concentrations and sources of black carbon and heavy metals in 100 years old were analyzed by reconstructing sediment samples from North China Plain. It provides a reliable basis for understanding the pollution history of North China Plain.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X513

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