建筑生活热水中军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌的研究

发布时间：2018-09-10 18:29

【摘要】：近年来,在国内外的建筑生活热水中相继出现了导致人类患病的新兴机会致病菌——军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌。它们通过使用热水时产生的气溶胶传播,感染后可引发多种危及生命的疾病,我国已发生过因使用被此类致病菌污染的生活热水而导致大面积疾病爆发事件。随着这两种机会致病菌的检出率、致病率和患病后致死率逐年升高,建筑生活热水作为主要传播途径之一,水质安全值得引起更多关注。本次研究选取北京市采用集中热水供应系统的住宅、医院、宾馆、办公楼和高校浴室5类建筑共22个采样点,通过实验室检测和现场快速检测两种方法对生活热水水质和军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌污染情况开展调研,分析生活热水水质对两种机会致病菌产生的影响,主要得出以下结论:(1)宾馆酒店类建筑和住宅类建筑的生活热水中检出了军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌阳性水样。两种机会致病菌普遍的存在于生活热水中,分布无规律,与供水分区、楼层以及房间是否相邻无关。(2)实验室检测结果显示,31.82%的建筑检出了军团菌阳性水样,这些建筑中47.83%的水样被污染;22.73%的建筑检出含有非结核分枝杆菌,这些建筑中的水样53.85%被污染;13.64%的建筑中同时检出军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌,分别占检出军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌建筑的27.27%和42.86%。在宾馆酒店类建筑中两种致病菌微生物污染严重,军团菌阳性水样占阳性样本总数的85.71%,非结核分枝杆菌阳性水样占样本总数的80%。(3)军团菌现场快速检测与实验室检测结果有一定差异,快速检测设备受现场采样环境的多种因素影响。因检测结果有一定局限性,可将快速检测用于军团菌污染趋势分析。(4)建筑生活热水的水质理化、微生物参数对军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌滋生有较大影响,水温、余氯、溶解氧是引起这两种机会致病菌在生活热水中生长繁殖的关键风险水质指标,有必要升高水温,增加水中余氯和溶解氧含量。(5)此外,在现有基础上,应尽可能降低生活热水的浊度、有机物含量、电导率和溶解性总固体含量,并减缓水质对管道腐蚀结垢的影响,间接抑制军团菌和非结核分枝杆菌在建筑生活热水中滋生。
[Abstract]:In recent years, Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria have been emerging in domestic and foreign architectural hot water. They can cause a variety of life-threatening diseases after infection by using aerosols produced by hot water. In China, the use of domestic hot water contaminated by such pathogenic bacteria has led to a large area of disease outbreaks. As the detection rate of these two opportunistic pathogens, the pathogenicity and mortality rate of these two opportunistic pathogens are increasing year by year, the water quality safety should be paid more attention to as one of the main transmission routes of building domestic hot water. In this study, 22 sampling sites were selected for residential, hospital, hotel, office building and university bathroom buildings with centralized hot water supply system in Beijing. The water quality of domestic hot water and the contamination of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were investigated by laboratory test and field rapid detection, and the effects of water quality of domestic hot water on the two opportunistic pathogens were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacterium positive water samples were detected in hot water of hotel and residential buildings. The two opportunistic pathogens were found in domestic hot water and distributed irregularly, regardless of whether the water supply area, floor or room were adjacent. (2) Laboratory tests showed that 31.82% of buildings had Legionella positive water samples. In these buildings, 47.83% of the water samples were contaminated, 22.73% of the buildings were found to contain non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and 53.85% of the water samples of these buildings were contaminated with both Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. It accounted for 27.27% and 42.86% of the buildings of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. In hotel and hotel buildings, two kinds of pathogenic bacteria are polluted seriously. The positive water samples of Legionella accounted for 85.71% of the total samples, and the positive water samples of non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis accounted for 80.1% of the total samples. (3) the results of rapid detection of Legionella on the spot were different from those of the laboratory. The fast detection equipment is affected by many factors in the field sampling environment. Because of the limitation of the test results, the rapid detection can be used to analyze the trend of Legionella contamination. (4) the water quality of hot water in buildings is physicochemical, microbial parameters have great influence on the breeding of Legionella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, water temperature, residual chlorine, Dissolved oxygen is a key risk water quality indicator for the growth and reproduction of these opportunistic pathogens in domestic hot water. It is necessary to raise the water temperature and increase the residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen content in water. (5) in addition, on the existing basis, The turbidity, organic matter content, electrical conductivity and soluble total solid content of domestic hot water should be reduced as far as possible, and the influence of water quality on corrosion and scaling of pipes should be alleviated, and the breeding of Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in building domestic hot water should be inhibited indirectly.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R123

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