害虫生物防治的农业生态系统多样性调节途径—作物间作和野花带布局
发布时间：2020-11-19 07:30
面对集约化农业的局限性,农业生态学旨在思考如何设计一种在经济上可行和社会相关的可持续农业。农业生态学强调在农业生态系统中加强生态系统的功能以减少化学杀虫剂的使用。为了加强对害虫的生物防治,增加农业生态系统的植物多样性是常见策略之一。而植物多样性的增加一方面可以直接对害虫发展产生负面影响(即自下而上的效应),另一方面间作的开花植物可以增强对天敌调控而对害虫种群产生影响(即自上而下的效应)。本研究通过作物与作物以及非寄主开花植物进行条带式间作(即在同一领域同时种植至少两种作物物种),以提高农业生态系统植物多样性,增强对害虫以及其天敌的调控作用。文献分析显示,在大多数研究中,与小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)单作相比,小麦间作可以显著减少害虫危害,但是对害虫天敌的发生无显著提高作用。此外,前人研究显示可以通过种植野花带提高访花天敌和寄生蜂的数量。第一部分田间试验,综合研究了作物间作和野花带间作两种增加农田生态系统植物多样性的策略。首先在中国田间采用小麦与油菜(Brassica napus L.)间作,与单作相比,它既不能减少蚜虫(Hemiptera:Aphididae)为害,也没有增强蚜虫天敌的发生。其次在比利时田间采用小麦和野花进行条带间作,与小麦单作相比,间作田间的蚜虫发生显著降低,蚜虫的天敌食蚜蝇(Diptera:Syrphidae)发生量显著增加。然而,野花条带的存在并没有影响其他天敌的发生量,如草蛉(Neuroptera:Chrysopidae),瓢虫(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)和寄生蜂(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)。第二部分田间实验,研究了间作不同野花品种和种植密度组合对天敌的吸引作用。主要考虑了开花特性对天敌昆虫行为的影响。首先,假设尽可能提高单位面积内野花的种类,以提高吸引访花天敌的丰度和多样性,但是结果不支持这个假设。相反,多品种混作反而掩盖了已知对访花天敌有吸引力的一些开花植物(特别是菊科植物Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.)的功能。其次在这个实验中,开发了一种可以确定与天敌丰富度相关的花的性状的方法,测试对象为油菜甲虫的寄生蜂[Meligethes spp.(Coleoptera:Nitidulidae),Ceutorhynchus spp.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)]。在花的七个性状中,视觉特征(即颜色和紫外反射率)和与食物可利用性(即花冠形态)可以显著影响寄生蜂的丰度。这些结果表明:(i)田间增加植物多样性只能减少部分害虫为害;(ii)间作野花带的开花特征对一部分的天敌吸引作用影响较大;(iii)野花带的开花特征比密度对天敌的吸引作用更大。诚然,这些结果有待进一步讨论。事实上在农业生态系统中,管理和设计作物和非寄主作物多样化的战略是很多的。此外,大规模的区域景观生态比单一的田间生态更加重要,害虫也不是农业生态系统中唯一需要监管的生物或非生物因素,同时控制多种害虫,可以提供多重监管服务是未来农业研究的挑战。
【学位单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位年份】：2018
【中图分类】：S476;S181
【文章目录】：
摘要
abstract
第一章 引言 Chapter 1 - General introduction
1.1 The limits of the input-intensive agriculture
1.2 Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture
1.3 Practices for a biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems
1.4 Structure of the thesis
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable food systems
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
1.4.4 Chapter 5: General conclusions and perspectives
第二章 Chapter 2 - Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable foodsystems
2.1 Article 1 - Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how itquestions current research practices. A review
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Agroecological practices to increase environmental sustainability
2.1.3 Organizing the food system in order to increase social relevance and economicviability
2.1.4 Scientific practices and agricultural innovations
2.1.5 Towards tailor-made solutions rather than recipes
2.2 Article 2 - Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-based intercropping systems for biologicalpest control. A review
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Experimental methods
2.2.2.1 A systematic research of the literature
2.2.2.2 Vote-counting method
2.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
2.2.3 Results
2.2.3.1 Countries and evolution through time
2.2.3.2 Plants associated with wheat and types of intercropping
2.2.3.3 Pests and their natural enemies
2.2.3.4 Crop yield
2.2.4 Discussion
2.2.4.1 Effect on pest biological control and implication for yield
2.2.4.2 Adopting intercropping for pest control: constraints and opportunities
2.2.4.3 Needs for further research
2.3 Article 3 - Wildflower strips for biological control: state-of-art, limits and perspectivesin Wallonia. A review
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Semi-natural elements for biodiversity conservation: which benefits for biologicalcontrol?
2.3.2.1 Semi-natural habitats, providers of ecosystem services
2.3.2.2 From insect diversity to biological control
2.3.3 Despite their ability to host insects, do wildflower strips enhance pest biologicalcontrol?
2.3.3.1 Wildflower strips: a practice with various facets
2.3.3.2 Wildflower strips host a large diversity of insect
2.3.3.3 A diversity of natural enemies to control insect pests
2.3.4 Composing flowering mixtures: the benefits of functional diversity
2.3.4.1 Considering flower functional traits instead of species identity
2.3.4.2 From studying the effect of a single trait to the calculation of functionaldiversity at the mixture level
2.3.5 Wildflower strips are managed but what is the effect of mowing on insect diversity?
2.3.5.1 The diversity of plants composing an ecosystem is dynamic
2.3.5.2 Mowing maintains flower mixture diversity but briefly disturbs theenvironment
2.3.6 Conclusion
第三章 Chapter 3 - Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 Article 4 - Wheat – oilseed rape intercropping （combined with the slow release ofsemiochemicals） to control aphids and attract their natural enemies in China
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Material and methods
3.1.2.1 Field set up
3.1.2.2 Weather condition
3.1.2.3 Sex pheromone of ladybeetles and semiochemical dispensers
3.1.2.4 Insect monitoring
3.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
3.1.3 Results
3.1.4 Discussion
3.2 Article 5 - Pest regulation and support of natural enemies in agriculture: Experimentalevidence of within field wildflower strips
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Material and methods
3.2.2.1 Field set up
3.2.2.2 Insect monitoring
3.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
3.2.3 Results
3.2.4 Discussion
第四章 Chapter 4 - Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 Article 6 - Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predatorsin wildflower strips?
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Material and methods
4.1.2.1 Study design
4.1.2.2 Sown functional diversity
4.1.2.3 Realized functional diversity
4.1.2.4 Monitoring of insect species
4.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Flower cover, species and functional diversity
4.1.3.2 Aphid predator abundance and diversity
4.1.3.3 Effect of sown mixtures and realized functional diversity on aphid predators.
4.1.4 Discussion
4.2 Article 7 - Effect of flower traits and hosts on the abundance of parasitoids in perennialmultiple species wildflower strips sown within oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） crops
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Material and methods
4.2.2.1 Field set up
4.2.2.2 Flower species monitoring
4.2.2.3 Insect species monitoring
4.2.2.4 Statistical analyses
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Flowers
4.2.3.2 Parasitoids and hosts
4.2.3.3 Parasitoid–flower trait interactions
4.2.4 Discussion
4.2.4.1 Effect of hosts on parasitoids
4.2.4.2 Traits affecting parasitoid abundance in WFS
4.2.4.3 Practical implications and further research
第五章 全文结论 – Chapter 5 - General conclusions and perspectives
5.1 General conclusions
5.1.1 Conclusions on the increase of plant diversity at the field scale with the provisionof flower resources for enhancing biological control
5.1.2 Conclusions on the trait-based analyses for composing flower mixtures attractive tonatural enemies
5.1.3 Prey/hosts versus habitats: what does explain natural enemy abundance anddiversity in agroecosystems?
5.1.4 Assessing biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: what is the bestindicator?
5.1.5 Variability in the delivery of ecosystem services: an intrinsic component ofagroecological systems?
5.2 Article 8 - Spatial diversification of agroecosystems to enhance biological control andother regulating services: An agroecological perspective
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Spatial diversification towards biological control of insect pests
5.2.2.1 Does spatial diversification at local and landscape scales enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.2 How to compose and design crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.3 How to manage crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pest regulation?
5.2.3 From insect pest control to multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.1 Towards natural regulation of multiple pests
5.2.3.2 Towards the provision of multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.3 From theory to implementation, how to trigger change?
5.2.4 Conclusion
References
致谢–Acknowledgements
作者简历
【参考文献】
本文编号：2889897
【学位单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位年份】：2018
【中图分类】：S476;S181
【文章目录】：
摘要
abstract
第一章 引言 Chapter 1 - General introduction
1.1 The limits of the input-intensive agriculture
1.2 Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture
1.3 Practices for a biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems
1.4 Structure of the thesis
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable food systems
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
1.4.4 Chapter 5: General conclusions and perspectives
第二章 Chapter 2 - Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable foodsystems
2.1 Article 1 - Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how itquestions current research practices. A review
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Agroecological practices to increase environmental sustainability
2.1.3 Organizing the food system in order to increase social relevance and economicviability
2.1.4 Scientific practices and agricultural innovations
2.1.5 Towards tailor-made solutions rather than recipes
2.2 Article 2 - Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-based intercropping systems for biologicalpest control. A review
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Experimental methods
2.2.2.1 A systematic research of the literature
2.2.2.2 Vote-counting method
2.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
2.2.3 Results
2.2.3.1 Countries and evolution through time
2.2.3.2 Plants associated with wheat and types of intercropping
2.2.3.3 Pests and their natural enemies
2.2.3.4 Crop yield
2.2.4 Discussion
2.2.4.1 Effect on pest biological control and implication for yield
2.2.4.2 Adopting intercropping for pest control: constraints and opportunities
2.2.4.3 Needs for further research
2.3 Article 3 - Wildflower strips for biological control: state-of-art, limits and perspectivesin Wallonia. A review
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Semi-natural elements for biodiversity conservation: which benefits for biologicalcontrol?
2.3.2.1 Semi-natural habitats, providers of ecosystem services
2.3.2.2 From insect diversity to biological control
2.3.3 Despite their ability to host insects, do wildflower strips enhance pest biologicalcontrol?
2.3.3.1 Wildflower strips: a practice with various facets
2.3.3.2 Wildflower strips host a large diversity of insect
2.3.3.3 A diversity of natural enemies to control insect pests
2.3.4 Composing flowering mixtures: the benefits of functional diversity
2.3.4.1 Considering flower functional traits instead of species identity
2.3.4.2 From studying the effect of a single trait to the calculation of functionaldiversity at the mixture level
2.3.5 Wildflower strips are managed but what is the effect of mowing on insect diversity?
2.3.5.1 The diversity of plants composing an ecosystem is dynamic
2.3.5.2 Mowing maintains flower mixture diversity but briefly disturbs theenvironment
2.3.6 Conclusion
第三章 Chapter 3 - Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 Article 4 - Wheat – oilseed rape intercropping （combined with the slow release ofsemiochemicals） to control aphids and attract their natural enemies in China
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Material and methods
3.1.2.1 Field set up
3.1.2.2 Weather condition
3.1.2.3 Sex pheromone of ladybeetles and semiochemical dispensers
3.1.2.4 Insect monitoring
3.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
3.1.3 Results
3.1.4 Discussion
3.2 Article 5 - Pest regulation and support of natural enemies in agriculture: Experimentalevidence of within field wildflower strips
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Material and methods
3.2.2.1 Field set up
3.2.2.2 Insect monitoring
3.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
3.2.3 Results
3.2.4 Discussion
第四章 Chapter 4 - Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 Article 6 - Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predatorsin wildflower strips?
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Material and methods
4.1.2.1 Study design
4.1.2.2 Sown functional diversity
4.1.2.3 Realized functional diversity
4.1.2.4 Monitoring of insect species
4.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Flower cover, species and functional diversity
4.1.3.2 Aphid predator abundance and diversity
4.1.3.3 Effect of sown mixtures and realized functional diversity on aphid predators.
4.1.4 Discussion
4.2 Article 7 - Effect of flower traits and hosts on the abundance of parasitoids in perennialmultiple species wildflower strips sown within oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） crops
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Material and methods
4.2.2.1 Field set up
4.2.2.2 Flower species monitoring
4.2.2.3 Insect species monitoring
4.2.2.4 Statistical analyses
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Flowers
4.2.3.2 Parasitoids and hosts
4.2.3.3 Parasitoid–flower trait interactions
4.2.4 Discussion
4.2.4.1 Effect of hosts on parasitoids
4.2.4.2 Traits affecting parasitoid abundance in WFS
4.2.4.3 Practical implications and further research
第五章 全文结论 – Chapter 5 - General conclusions and perspectives
5.1 General conclusions
5.1.1 Conclusions on the increase of plant diversity at the field scale with the provisionof flower resources for enhancing biological control
5.1.2 Conclusions on the trait-based analyses for composing flower mixtures attractive tonatural enemies
5.1.3 Prey/hosts versus habitats: what does explain natural enemy abundance anddiversity in agroecosystems?
5.1.4 Assessing biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: what is the bestindicator?
5.1.5 Variability in the delivery of ecosystem services: an intrinsic component ofagroecological systems?
5.2 Article 8 - Spatial diversification of agroecosystems to enhance biological control andother regulating services: An agroecological perspective
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Spatial diversification towards biological control of insect pests
5.2.2.1 Does spatial diversification at local and landscape scales enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.2 How to compose and design crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.3 How to manage crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pest regulation?
5.2.3 From insect pest control to multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.1 Towards natural regulation of multiple pests
5.2.3.2 Towards the provision of multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.3 From theory to implementation, how to trigger change?
5.2.4 Conclusion
References
致谢–Acknowledgements
作者简历
【参考文献】
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