德州市农村地区环境卫生现状研究

发布时间：2017-12-28 10:31

本文关键词：德州市农村地区环境卫生现状研究　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：研究背景健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求,人的健康在很大程度上取决于环境的质量,农村地区环境卫生状况与农村居民的健康息息相关,也直接影响着生态农业的发展,开展农村环境卫生综合整治,改善农民生产、生活环境,是全面建成小康社会的重大举措,也是完成"健康中国2030"目标的必然要求。农村环境卫生包括饮水卫生、厕所卫生及粪便无害化处理、垃圾和污水治理、病媒生物防制及土壤卫生等多个方面。虽然我国经济社会快速发展,但农村地区垃圾、污水处理等基础配套设施仍不能满足要求,饮水安全、厕所卫生状况堪忧,环境污染和破坏问题凸显,整体形势不容乐观。德州市是典型的农业大市,在开展农业生产活动中,不可避免的产生一些环境卫生问题。山东省对农村地区环境卫生研究不多,关于德州市的研究屈指可数,个别研究多为厕所卫生或者土壤重金属污染等单方面的调查,缺乏德州市农村地区环境卫生状况的总体数据。研究目的了解和掌握德州市农村地区环境卫生健康危害因素水平,客观评价农村环境卫生状况,为政府部门决策提供基础数据支持,促进德州市农村环境综合整治工作有序开展。研究方法本研究基于分层随机原则选取调研对象,采用问卷调查和实验室检测等方式进行数据收集。样本县为宁津、临邑、武城3个县,共30个乡镇、120个监测点(行政村),共调研600户家庭、52所学校,检测120份土壤重金属及蛔虫卵指标。基于Excel2003和SPSS19.0进行数据统计分析,统计方法为χ2检验。研究结果1样本县环境卫生状况垃圾处理厂(3个)和污水处理厂(4个)实现了 3个样本县全覆盖,垃圾处理方式均为填埋,污水处理工艺均为二级处理。2监测点环境卫生状况饮水安全得到保障,集中式供水达100%;卫生厕所普及率仅为7.67%,处于很低水平;整体卫生状况较差,非卫生村占80.83%;垃圾统一收集的占86.67%,填埋处理的占64.17%;生活污水随意排放比例为100%;不足50%的监测点开展过除四害工作,灭蚊、蝇、鼠、蟑螂均开展的占25.83%。3监测户卫生状况居民习惯喝开水占99.83%,饭前便后都洗手占88.83%;卫生厕所占10.5%,粪便高温堆肥处理仅占30%;垃圾丢弃在垃圾箱的占94.33%,生活污水100%随意排放;厨房发现苍蝇达78.17%;购置使用农药的占92.83%,农药储存在杂屋及随意放置仍超过50%,存在误服隐患。4农村学校卫生状况学校提供开水占53.8%,校内供水均为集中供水;学校卫生厕所覆盖率71.53%,厕所周边洗手池不提供肥皂的占46.15%;未配备卫生专业技术人员学校占57.69%,学生近视率达27.46%;超半数的中小学校人均教室面积、黑板距离等不达标。5 土壤卫生状况土壤PH值均大于7.5,蛔虫卵检出率5%,整体感染率不高,铅、镉、铬、汞、砷等重金属检测无超标,达到二级土壤标准。主要结论及建议调查结果显示,德州市农村地区饮水卫生和土壤状况良好,适宜发展生态农业,但垃圾和污水处理设施建设不到位、卫生厕所普及率太低及农村学校缺乏卫生技术人员等问题依然突出,农村地区环境卫生问题需要重点关注。建议德州市大力开展农村环境卫生综合整治工程,加强改厕和病媒生物防制,做好居民健康行为干预,加强学校卫生监测和评价,整合建立环境监测网络和信息发布平台,形成长效机制,真正的使农村地区成为美丽家园。
[Abstract]:Backgroundhealth is the inevitable requirement of promoting the all-round development of people, the quality of people's health depends largely on the environment, rural sanitation area and rural residents' health are closely related, but also directly affects the development of ecological agriculture, to carry out the comprehensive improvement of rural sanitation, improve farmer's production and living environment, is fully completed major initiatives of a well-off society, but also inevitable requirement of "health Chinese 2030" target. Rural environmental hygiene includes drinking water hygiene, toilet hygiene and feces harmless treatment, garbage and sewage treatment, vector control and soil health. Despite the rapid development of China's economy and society, the basic facilities such as refuse and sewage treatment in rural areas still can't meet the requirements, and the safety of drinking water and toilets is worrying. The problem of environmental pollution and damage is highlighted. The overall situation is not optimistic. Dezhou is a typical agricultural city. In the development of agricultural production, some environmental health problems are unavoidable. There are not many studies on Environmental Hygiene in rural areas of Shandong province. There are few studies about Dezhou. Most of the studies are toilet hygiene or soil heavy metal pollution. There is a lack of overall data of environmental health in Dezhou rural area. The purpose of this study is to understand and grasp the level of environmental health hazards in rural areas of Dezhou, objectively evaluate the status of rural environmental health, provide basic data support for government decision-making, and promote the orderly development of rural environmental comprehensive improvement in Dezhou. The research method is based on the stratified random principle, and uses the questionnaire survey and the laboratory test to collect the data. Ningjin County, Linyi, samples of Wucheng 3 counties, 30 townships, 120 monitoring points (villages), a total of 600 households, 52 research schools, 120 test samples of soil heavy metals and Ascaris egg index. Data statistics and analysis are carried out based on Excel2003 and SPSS19.0, and the statistical method is chi 2 test. The results of the study were as follows: 1, the environmental sanitation status of the sample counties, the garbage treatment plants (3) and the sewage treatment plants (4) achieved 3 samples of the county's full coverage, and the garbage disposal methods were all landfill, and the sewage treatment process was all two level. Guaranteed 2 monitoring points of sanitation of drinking water safety, centralized water supply reached 100%; latrine coverage is only 7.67%, at a low level; the poor overall health and non Health Village accounted for 80.83%; the unified garbage collection landfill accounted for 86.67%, accounted for 64.17%; wastewater disposal rate of 100%; lack of monitoring points 50% of the work carried out over the four pests, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, rats were carried out for 25.83%. The health status of residents in 3 households monitoring used to drink boiling water accounted for 99.83%, accounted for 88.83% of all hand washing before and after meals; sanitary latrines accounted for 10.5%, high temperature composting manure accounted for only 30%; discarded in the trash, accounted for 94.33%, 100% sewage discharge; the kitchen flies up to 78.17%; the purchase of pesticide use accounted for 92.83% of the pesticides stored in the shed and random placement is still more than 50%, there are hidden dangers of accidental. 4 rural school health schools accounted for 53.8% of the water boiling water, for centralized water supply; school sanitary latrine coverage rate of 71.53%, surrounding the toilet sink does not provide soap accounted for 46.15%; not equipped with professional and technical personnel accounted for 57.69% of schools, students' myopia rate of 27.46%; over half of the per capita area, primary and secondary school classroom blackboard distance standard. 5 soil health status, soil pH value is greater than 7.5, Ascaris eggs detection rate is 5%, the overall infection rate is not high, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metals detection is not exceeding the standard, reaching two level soil standard. The results of the survey show that the main conclusions and recommendations, in rural areas of Dezhou city drinking water hygiene and good soil conditions, suitable for the development of ecological agriculture, but the garbage and sewage treatment facilities are not in place, the problem of sanitary latrines rate is too low and rural schools lack of health technical personnel are still outstanding, environmental health problems in rural areas need to focus on. Dezhou city vigorously carry out comprehensive renovation of environmental sanitation in rural areas, strengthen the latrines and pest control, good health behavior intervention, strengthen school health monitoring and evaluation, the establishment of integrated environmental monitoring network and information publishing platform, the formation of long-term mechanism, really make rural area become a beautiful home.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R127

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