采矿爆破粉尘高效凝并技术的研究

发布时间：2018-01-07 21:14

本文关键词：采矿爆破粉尘高效凝并技术的研究　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：粉尘污染是世界公害之一,人类的许多生产活动都会产生粉尘,特别是采矿过程中爆破、运输、转载和堆场过程中,会产生大量的粉尘,在此中爆破过程产生的粉尘量占比最大。这些采矿过程中产生的粉尘污染对矿区地点区域内的生态环境、经济发展以及社会稳定等方面都有着显著的负面影响[1]。爆破粉尘污染的控制可分为爆破前粉尘控制和爆破过程中的粉尘控制。在露天矿区通风良好的情况下,爆破过程中起尘源点处产尘量最大,所以爆破粉尘源头粉尘控制是技术的重点也是难点。针对微细粉尘粒径小、难以沉降这一特点,采用化学凝并预处理除尘技术可以有效的减少爆破环节产生的粉尘。化学凝并技术是通过添加一些有吸附、团聚能力的物质,使粉尘聚集在一起,在这个过程中或者发生物理吸附作用,或者发生化学反应。但成本低、功能多以及适用范围广的化学凝并剂难以得到,二次污染的问题也时有发生,是否能攻克这些问题是推广化学凝并技术的重点。为减少采矿过程中产生的爆破粉尘量,本研究使用化学凝并技术,为粉尘的治理提供一种新的方法:利用爆破过程中的能量以及爆破粉尘亲水性的差异,开发凝并剂,有效控制粉尘污染;并且凝并剂在两段延时爆破的冲击力下形成的雾状水滴悬浮于空中,减少了粉尘的扩散范围,增加了与粉尘的相对接触面积,对粉尘的捕集能力显著提高。本文研究了制约爆破粉尘控制的关键技术问题,改善了矿山爆破开采过程中粉尘对环境的不利影响,可为我国"绿色矿山"建设提供技术服务。本文通过理论和实验室研究相结合的方式对采矿过程中凝并剂治理爆破粉尘的方法做了较为充实的研究,其内容和结果如下:(1)通过对采集的爆破粉尘进行粒径分析得出爆破粉尘中含有较高比例的可吸入颗粒物,10μm以下的粉尘占到30%左右,对人体的危害性较大;(2)研究分析了雾滴捕集粉尘的过程及影响因素,暂时漂浮在空气中的粉尘,在爆破的冲击力下相互碰撞并与雾滴接触,接触后粉尘的动能被损耗,减少了粉尘的惯性力使得粉尘不易被反弹;在这个过程中粉尘的惯性反弹程度,粉尘与雾滴碰撞的碰撞系数σ以及雾滴直径D是主要影响因素。在实际凝并剂的配制过程中可以通过增加凝并剂对粉尘的粘滞力,在合理的范围内增大粉尘的表面张力来减少粉尘的惯性反弹;通过增加凝并剂密度来增加粉尘与凝并剂的碰撞系数;通过减小凝并剂的直径来增加凝并剂的捕集效率;(3)确定了凝并剂最优配方表面活性剂SDBS+0.3%、保湿剂氯化镁15%、粘结剂淀粉0.15%。通过实验可知该配方的粉尘凝并效率能达到95.3%;(4)对爆破粉尘随水平距离的变化拟合,结果表明1s时粉尘浓度随水平距离的变化曲线[2](50-1000 范围):y=68.0165e-x/62.7171+1.56284(R2=0.99992)。由R2=0.99992可知,拟合性较好,该曲线能较好的代表粉尘浓度随距离的扩散规律。2s时粉尘浓度随垂直距离的变化曲线(10-50m范围):y=861.75e-0.115x(R2 = 0.9519)由R2=0.0.9519可知,变化曲线的拟合度较高,能较好反映粉尘浓度随距离变化的扩散规律;(5)采用延时水封爆破的方法使用凝并剂,通过对比0.5s,1.0s和1.5s三个延时时间的凝并剂降尘率得出,0.5s时凝并剂降尘效果最好,去除率为88.64%;(6)提出一套现场使用凝并剂的使用方法:①对边坡的充分润湿,可以很好地消除边坡爆破滑落卷席造成的大量扬尘;②采用水封延时爆破技术,最优延时时间为0.5s,在爆破场周围形成雾场,能最大限度的减少爆破中产生的颗粒物的扩散;③充分润湿回填炮眼的钻屑,可以一定程度上消除穿孔形成的扬尘且对自由面起尘有显著的作用。
[Abstract]:Dust pollution is one of the world's pollution, many human production activities will produce the dust, especially in the process of blasting, mining and transport, transshipment yard process, will produce a lot of dust, dust blasting process in the largest proportion. The ecological environment of the mining dust pollution generated in the process of mining location area in the aspect of economic development and social stability has a significant negative impact on [1]. control blasting dust pollution can be divided into dust control before blasting dust control and blasting process. In opencast mine ventilation is good, the process of blasting dust source point dust, so the blasting dust source dust control technology is the key and difficult points. The fine dust particle size is small, it is difficult to settlement of this characteristic, using chemical coagulation pretreatment and dust removal technology can effectively reduce the production of blasting The dust and chemical coagulation technology. By adding some adsorption, aggregation ability of the material to make the dust gathered in this process or physical adsorption or chemical reaction. But the cost is low, the chemical coagulation function and wide application range and the agent is difficult to obtain the two pollution problems have also occurred, whether can overcome these problems is to focus on the promotion of chemical coagulation technology. In order to reduce the blasting dust produced in the process of mining, this study used chemical coagulation technology, provides a new method for dust control: use of energy in the process of blasting and blasting dust hydrophilic differences. The development of coagulation agent, effective control of dust pollution; and coagulation agent in the two period of delay blasting impact force formed under the mist droplets suspended in the air, reduce the spread of dust, increasing the relative contact surface and dust Product of collecting dust is significantly improved. This paper studies the key technical problems restricting blasting dust control, improve the adverse effects of dust in mine blasting process on the environment, for our "green mine" construction to provide technical services. Through theoretical and laboratory research. With the methods of in the process of mining and blasting dust coagulation agent management to do the research is full, its contents and results are as follows: (1) through the acquisition of blasting dust particle size analysis of inhalable particles blasting dust contains a high proportion of 10, m accounted for about 30% of the dust, the harm to human body larger; (2) research and analysis of the process and influence factors of droplet trapping dust, dust temporarily floating in the air, and the droplet collision and contact in blasting impact force, the dynamic contact of dust can be reduced loss. The inertia force of dust makes the dust is not easy to rebound; dust in the process of the rebound degree of inertia, collision and dust droplet collision coefficient and a droplet diameter D is the main influencing factors in the preparation process. The actual coagulation agent can increase coagulation agent in the viscous force of the dust, the surface tension increases the dust in a reasonable range to reduce dust inertia rebound; by increasing the coagulation agent to increase the density of dust and coagulation agent collision coefficient; by reducing the diameter of coagulation agent and coagulation agent to increase the collection efficiency; (3) to determine the coagulation agent and the optimal formula of surfactant SDBS+0.3%, moisturizing agent magnesium chloride 15%, starch binder 0.15%. by coagulation experiment showed that the formula of dust and efficiency can reach 95.3%; (4) the blasting dust changes with the fitting of horizontal distance, the results show that the 1s when the dust concentration curve with [2] horizontal distance (5 0-1000): y=68.0165e-x/62.7171+1.56284 (R2=0.99992) by R2=0.99992. The good fitting of the curve can represent the dust concentration with.2s diffusion distance when the dust concentration curve with the vertical distance (10-50m): y=861.75e-0.115x (R2 = 0.9519) by R2=0.0.9519 shows that the curve fitting degree higher, better reflect the dust concentration along the diffusion distance change; (5) using the method of delay blasting is the use of coagulation agent, compared with the 0.5s, 1.0s and 1.5s three delay time and coagulation agent dust rate that coagulation agent dust effect is the best when the 0.5s removal rate was 88.64%; (6) a the site using coagulation agent usage: fully wetting on the slope, a lot of dust can well eliminate the slide slope blasting mat rolling caused; the seal delay blasting technology, the optimal delay time for 0.5s, in A fog field around the blasting site can minimize the dispersion of particles produced in blasting. Thirdly, fully wetting backfill drill holes can eliminate the dust generated by perforation to a certain extent and has a significant effect on dust emission from free surfaces.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TD714

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