南四湖和东平湖浮游生物和底栖动物群落不同时间尺度的变化

发布时间：2018-01-10 12:13

本文关键词：南四湖和东平湖浮游生物和底栖动物群落不同时间尺度的变化　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着经济发展和频繁的人类活动的干扰,湖泊生态健康出现了一系列问题,例如湖泊污染、生物多样性下降、富营养化加重等。生物多样性不仅是湖泊生态系统服务功能的基础,也是湖泊生态恢复成功的重要标志和生态健康评估的重要指标。浮游生物和底栖动物作为重要的湖泊水生生物,对湖泊生态系统的能量流动、信息传递和物质循环有重要影响。因此,研究浮游生物和底栖动物在不同时间尺度(年度和季节尺度)上的变化趋势和主要影响因素对生物多样性恢复和湖泊健康管理有重要意义。本论文以南四湖和东平湖作为研究区域,2015年春季和夏季分别采集南四湖和东平湖浮游生物和底栖动物样品,在实验室进行鉴定和计数。同时,分别采集两个湖泊水质样品,在实验室进行总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD_cr)和高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)测定,野外观测并记录水温、pH、溶解氧(DO)、叶绿素a、透明度(SD)等指标。结合2011-2014年南四湖水质、浮游生物和底栖动物的数据,本论文研究了南四湖2011-2015年浮游生物、底栖动物的年度变化,同时研究了 2015年南四湖和东平湖浮游生物、底栖动物的季节变化,并且进一步探究影响其变化的主要水质因素。此外,基于南四湖和东平湖水质和浮游生物数据,深入研究了上行-下行效应对浮游植物群落的影响。最后,本论文选择水体理化因子指标、香农-威纳指数和综合营养指数对南四湖和东平湖水质和富营养化状态进行了评价。主要研究结果如下:(1)浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物随2011-2015年南四湖水质变化有不同的变化趋势。浮游植物密度和生物量在2011-2013年逐年下降,在2014年显著升高,2015年大幅度下降,达到最小值;生物多样性(香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数)在2011-2014年变化不大,2015年降低。浮游动物密度在2011-2013年间有上升趋势,从2014年开始下降;生物量的变化趋势和密度变化趋势恰好相反;香农-威纳指数在2011-2013年间保持稳定,2014-2015年上升,辛普森指数则变化不大。底栖动物密度和生物量在2011-2012年间有上升趋势,2013年略微下降,2014年春季显著降低,2015年持续下降;香农-威纳指数在2014年显著降低后在2015年显著上升,辛普森指数只在2014年春季显著下降。影响南四湖浮游植物年度变化的主要因素是总磷,浮游动物密度和生物量分别受到总磷和氨氮的影响,底栖动物主要受到水体氮磷和有机物含量升高的综合影响。与浮游动物和底栖动物相比,浮游植物密度和生物量对水质变化更加敏感,响应更快。(2)南四湖浮游植物和底栖动物密度和生物量在夏季显著升高,浮游动物则没有显著性变化。在多样性(香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数)方面,这三类生物都没有季节间的显著性差异。影响浮游植物密度和生物量的因素主要是水温和总磷,影响浮游植物多样性的主要因素是水温;总氮影响浮游动物密度,水温、溶解氧、透明度影响浮游动物多样性;影响底栖动物密度和生物量的主要因素是水温和总磷。(3)东平湖浮游植物密度和生物量夏季显著高于春季,香农-威纳指数夏季显著降低,辛普森指数没有显著性变化;浮游动物生物量夏季显著高于春季,密度和多样性没有季节间的显著差异;底栖动物无论是密度、生物量还是多样性(香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数)都不存在季节间的显著性差异。通过相关性分析发现,水温影响浮游植物密度和浮游动物生物量,浮游动物密度与pH显著负相关,总磷影响底栖动物的密度和生物量,透明度则影响底栖动物多样性(香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数)。(4)在南四湖和东平湖,浮游植物密度和生物量主要受到营养盐(上行效应)的调控,浮游动物对浮游植物的捕食作用(下行效应)在两个湖泊中均较弱。上行和下行效应存在季节间的变化。在南四湖,上行效应和下行效应在夏季都有减弱的趋势;在东平湖,不同的营养盐元素在季节间交替对浮游植物产生上行控制,下行控制在夏季有减弱的趋势。(5)2015年南四湖和东平湖总体水质基本满足Ⅲ类水标准,夏季水质比春季差,具体表现为总磷、总氮和化学需氧量的增加。利用浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物香农-威纳指数进行水质评价结果是不同的。2015年南四湖和东平湖利用浮游植物香农-威纳指数和浮游动物香农-威纳指数评价为轻污染水体,用底栖动物香农-威纳指数评价为清洁水体。香农-威纳指数评价水质有些片面,结合水体理化因子才能全面客观的评价湖泊水质情况。利用综合营养指数评价2015年南四湖和东平湖的富营养状态表明这两个湖泊均处于中营养状态,且夏季富营养化程度加重。综上所述,本研究发现在年度和季节尺度上,浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物对水质变化都有差别化响应。其中,浮游植物密度、生物量和多样性的变化更为显著,在年度和季节间对水质变化响应最快。这三类生物对水质的差别化响应可以作为筛选水质指示生物的依据。在南四湖和东平湖,上行效应均表现出对浮游植物群落较强的影响。目前来说,南四湖和东平湖水质较好,利用综合营养指数评价2015年南四湖和东平湖的富营养状态表明这两个湖泊均处于中营养状态,夏季比春季富营养程度加重。本研究结果有助于预测淡水湖泊浮游生物和底栖动物的变化趋势以及其对水质变化的响应模式,为生物多样性恢复和湖泊生态健康保护提供理论基础。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and the frequent disturbance of human activities, the ecological health of the lake there are a series of problems, such as pollution, biodiversity loss, serious eutrophication. Biological diversity is not only the basis of lake ecosystem services, an important index is an important indicator of lake ecological restoration success and ecological health assessment plankton and benthic animal. As an important aquatic organisms, the energy flow of lake ecosystem, information transfer and material circulation has the important influence. Therefore, research on plankton and benthic animal in different time scales (annual and seasonal scale factors) change trend and the major effect has important significance for the restoration of biodiversity and the lake health management. In this paper, Nansi Lake and East Pinghu as the study area, the spring and summer of 2015 were collected in Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake plankton And benthic animal samples were identified and counted in the laboratory. At the same time, two water samples were collected for total phosphorus in the laboratory (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH_4~+-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD_cr) and permanganate index (COD_Mn) determination, field observation and record temperature, pH. The dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll a, transparency (SD) and other indicators. Combined with 2011-2014 years of Nansi Lake, plankton and benthic animal data, this paper has 2011-2015 years of Nansi Lake plankton, the annual variation of benthic animal, on 2015 in Nansi Lake and the east of Pinghu at the same time, the seasonal variation of plankton, benthic animal, and further explore the main factors affecting the change of water quality. In addition, the Nansi Lake and the East Pinghu water and plankton data based on the in-depth study of the impact of ascending - descending effect on phytoplankton community. Finally, this paper choose water Factor index, Shannon Wiener index and comprehensive nutrition index of Nansi Lake and East Pinghu water quality and eutrophication was evaluated. The main results are as follows: (1) the phytoplankton, planktonic and benthic animal animal with the water quality variations of 2011-2015 have different trends. The density and biomass of phytoplankton decreased in the year 2011-2013 in 2014 2015, increased significantly, decreased greatly and reaches the minimum value; Biodiversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index) little change in 2011-2014 in 2015. To reduce the upward trend in the planktonic animal density between 2011-2013, decreased from the beginning of 2014; biomass density change trend and the trend is opposite; Shannon Wiener index remained stable in the 2011-2013 years, 2014-2015 years up, Simpson index changed little. The density and biomass of benthic animal in 2011-2012 There is an upward trend, 2013 declined slightly, in the spring of 2014 decreased significantly, in 2015 continued to decline; Shannon Wiener index in 2014 was significantly lower in 2015 increased significantly, Simpson index decreased significantly only in the spring of 2014. The main factors influencing the annual variation of phytoplankton in Nansi Lake is phosphorus, animal density and biomass of zooplankton were influenced by total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen mainly affected by benthic animal, increased nitrogen and phosphorus in water and organic matter content. Compared with planktonic and benthic animal animal, density and biomass of phytoplankton is more sensitive to the change of water quality, faster response. (2) the phytoplankton and benthic animal density and biomass increased significantly in summer, planktonic animal has no significant change. In diversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index), there were no significant differences between the three kinds of the season. The biological effects of zooplankton The factors of plant density and biomass is mainly water and total phosphorus, main factors affecting the phytoplankton diversity is the water; influence of planktonic animal density, total nitrogen, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, affect planktonic animal diversity transparency; main factors influencing benthic animal density and biomass in water temperature and total phosphorus (3) and the density of phytoplankton. The biomass of East Pinghu in summer was significantly higher than that in spring and summer Shannon Wiener index decreased significantly, the Simpson index did not change significantly; planktonic animal biomass significantly higher in summer than in spring, there is no significant difference between seasons density and diversity of benthic animal; both the density, biomass and biodiversity (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index) there are no significant differences between seasons. Through correlation analysis found that the temperature effect of the density of phytoplankton and planktonic animal biomass, planktonic animal density negatively with pH. Effect of TP, density and biomass of benthic animal, benthic animal diversity affects the transparency (Shannon Wiener index and Simpson index). (4) in Nansi Lake and Dongping lake, the density and biomass of phytoplankton is mainly affected by nutrients (up regulation effect), predation of planktonic animal on phytoplankton (downward effect) in two lakes were weak. The upstream and downstream effect of seasonal changes. In Nansi Lake, bottom-up and top-down effects have a decreasing trend in summer; in Dongping lake, different nutrient elements in season internodes alternately upstream control on phytoplankton, downlink control there is a decreasing trend in summer (. 5) 2015 Nansi Lake and East Pinghu overall water quality basically meet the class III water standards, water quality in summer than in spring, the specific performance increase of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and cod. The use of phytoplankton, planktonic animal The benthic animal and Shannon Wiener index of water quality evaluation results are different.2015 in Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake phytoplankton using the Shannon Wiener index and planktonic animal Shannon Wiener index evaluation for light polluted water, evaluation of benthic animal Shannon Wiener index for clean water. The Shannon Wiener index to evaluate the water quality in some one-sided, with the water physical and chemical in order to objectively evaluate the factors of lake water quality. The eutrophication evaluation in 2015 Nansi Lake and Dongping lake using comprehensive nutrition index shows that the two lakes were mesotrophic and summer eutrophication aggravation. In summary, this study found that the phytoplankton in annual and seasonal scales, animal plankton and benthic animal there are differences in response to the change of water quality. The variation of phytoplankton density, biomass and diversity is more significant in the inter annual and seasonal The change of water quality. The fastest response difference of these three kinds of biological response to water can be used as a biological indicator for screening of water quality. In Nansi Lake and Dongping lake, upward effect showed a stronger influence on the phytoplankton community. At present, the good and the East Pinghu Nansi Lake water quality, eutrophication evaluation of Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake in 2015 the comprehensive nutrition index shows that the two lakes were mesotrophic, eutrophic in summer than in spring increased trend. The results of this study can help to predict the freshwater lake plankton and benthic animal and its response to the change of water quality model, provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of biodiversity and ecology health protection.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q178;X524

【相似文献】