液化石油气储罐区火灾状况下危险区域研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 12:30

本文关键词： 液化石油气火灾爆炸关系模型危险区域防火间距　出处：《山东建筑大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：LPG储罐一旦由于人为因素、设备因素、生产管理或环境因素发生泄漏,遇到明火即会发生火灾爆炸事故,不仅会造成巨大的经济损失,还会造成环境污染乃至危及人们的生命财产安全。本文对LPG储罐的安全防火间距进行研究,量化危险区域,对于预防LPG罐区事故,保证LPG储罐的安全生产具有十分重要的意义,结果可作为液化气储配站设计的参考依据。LPG储罐火灾事故根据事故成因的不同分为喷射火(JF)、池火灾(PF)、蒸气云爆炸(UVCE)以及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),前三种火灾事故最为典型,事故后果表现形式明显不同,本文选取前三类常见的火灾事故进行理论分析,重点研究三类火灾事故特点和危险区域。主要研究内容如下:首先,本文通过查阅国内外化工企业储罐火灾事故文献资料,总结LPG储罐危险性、储存方式与泄漏原因,分析三种常见火灾事故—喷射火、池火灾、蒸气云爆炸的燃烧机理及燃烧特性参数,建立事故树和火灾模式关系模型,研究不同关系模型的适用条件、求解方法。采用点热源模型并结合热辐射破坏准则分析火焰热辐射特性,得出JF主要通过热辐射对周围设备或人员造成伤害,其燃烧特性参数主要有泄漏口质量流速与目标被辐射物接受到的热辐射通量;利用Mudan模型结合热辐射破坏准则量化事故危险区域,PF燃烧特性参数主要有液池质量燃烧速率、液池直径D、火焰高度H、液池热辐射通量Q、目标被辐射物热辐射强度I等;采用普适火球模型和TNT当量法对LPG储罐发生蒸气云爆炸事故的火球热辐射和超压冲击波破坏范围进行模拟评价,UVCE产生多种破坏效应,如冲击波超压、火球热辐射、碎片作用等,高温燃烧产生的火球热辐射及爆炸产生的超压冲击波破坏威力巨大,破坏效应强度主要取决于气云的燃烧速度。利用比较得出的关系模型,以某液化气站为例,展开LPG储罐区火灾状况下危险区域实例研究,就该液化气站火灾事故后果分别进行模拟评价,分别分析三种火灾模式下燃烧特性参数的影响因素与事故后果,确定危险区域和安全防火间距。建立多米诺效应设备破坏概率计算模型,基于Cozzani等对100起典型的多米诺事故进行的统计分析结果,针对PF和UVCE两种最容易引发多米诺效应的事故形式进行分析,利用多米诺效应设备破坏概率模型计算两种事故下储罐失效概率,并根据储罐失效风险可容许标准ALARP原则对液化气站发生PF和UVCE事故的风险程度进行评估。研究得出:池火灾热辐射引起相邻储罐失效的概率为6×10-3,液化气站100m~3储罐发生全面积池火灾时,其邻近储罐被引燃的概率为7.2×10-8/a-1,10m~3储罐发生全面积池火灾时,其邻近储罐被引燃的概率为5.6×10-12/a-1,均属于可忽略风险;蒸气云爆炸由于超压作用引起邻近储罐失效的概率高达0.999,约为1,液化气罐区(1)~(5)号储罐发生蒸气云爆炸时,邻近储罐被引燃的概率约为1.39×10-8/a-1,属于不可接受风险,必须采取有效措施杜绝蒸气云爆炸事故的发生,如在储罐外壁涂装保温层,涂抹防腐剂,提高消防配备等措施尽可能降低罐组内储罐失效风险。结合三种火灾状况下危险区域研究结果,就某液化气站储罐区事故预防和应急救援处理提出针对性预案措施,将重伤半径r3(目标被辐射物接受到的热辐射通量为12.5kw/m2)作为消防救援临界安全距离,确定消防应急救援人员的最佳安全距离分别为13.11m、12.54m、149.4m(100m~3储罐),10.98m、6.19m、70.42m(10m~3储罐),为站区安全防火及确定消防救援安全距离提供了数据参考,确保液化气站储罐区火灾救援工作的安全性和高效性。
[Abstract]:The LPG tank once due to human factors, equipment factors, leakage of production management or environmental factors, encountered fire that will fire and explosion accidents, not only caused huge economic losses, but also cause environmental pollution and even endanger the safety of people's life and property. The fire safety spacing of LPG tank were studied. The quantitative risk area, for the prevention of LPG tank accident, it is very important to guarantee the safe production of LPG tank, results can be used as LPG storage and distribution station design reference for.LPG tank fire accident according to the cause of the accident is not the same as jet fire (JF), pool fire, vapor cloud explosion (PF) (UVCE) and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), the former three fire accidents in the most typical form, the consequences of the accident were different, this paper selects three kinds of common fire accident before the theoretical analysis focuses on three types of fire. The characteristics and risk areas. The main contents are as follows: firstly, through access to domestic and foreign enterprises of chemical accidents of tank fire literature, summed up the LPG tank danger, storage and leakage reason analysis of three kinds of common fire, jet fire, pool fire, vapor cloud explosion combustion mechanism and combustion characteristic parameters, the establishment of accident the tree and fire mode model, the applicable conditions, study the different relationship model method. The point source model combined with radiation damage criteria analysis of flame heat radiation characteristics, the JF mainly through the heat radiation to the surrounding equipment or personnel injury, the combustion characteristics of the main parameters of thermal radiation flux leakage velocity and quality target is radiation received; the Mudan model combined with the failure risk of regional guidelines for quantitative thermal radiation accident, PF combustion characteristics of the main parameters of liquid pool mass burning rate, The pool diameter D, flame height H, liquid pool heat radiation flux of Q, the target is radiation heat radiation intensity of I; the fireball by using the universal fireball model and TNT equivalent method for LPG tank vapor cloud explosion accident radiation and overpressure damage scope of simulation and evaluation, UVCE produces a destructive effect, as the shock wave overpressure, fireball thermal radiation, fragmentation effect, produce fireball thermal radiation of high temperature combustion and explosion overpressure of the shock wave to destroy the powerful, burning rate of damage effect strength mainly depends on the gas cloud. The relationship model comparison, a liquefied gas station as an example, LPG tank area under the condition of fire case study of dangerous areas, the consequences on liquefied gas station fire accident were simulated respectively evaluation, consequence analysis factors affecting the combustion characteristic parameters of three kinds of fire mode and accidents, determine the domain and security risk prevention area The establishment of fire spacing. Failure probability calculation model of Domino effect equipment, statistical analysis of typical Cozzani Domino of 100 accidents based on the analysis of PF and UVCE for the two most likely to trigger a Domino effect accident form, failure probability of tank using the Domino effect equipment damage probability model to calculate the two kinds of accidents, and according to the tank failure risk can be the degree of risk standards ALARP principle PF and UVCE to evaluate the accident of liquefied gas station. The study shows that the heat radiation of pool fire caused by the failure probability of adjacent tanks is 6 * 10-3, 100m~3 tank of liquefied gas station comprehensive product of pool fire, the adjacent tank is ignited for the probability of 7.2 * 10-8/a-1,10m~3 tank comprehensive product of pool fire, the adjacent tank ignited the probability is 5.6 * 10-12/a-1, belong to the negligible risk; vapor cloud explosion due to overpressure for use Since the probability of adjacent tank failure up to 0.999, about 1, LPG tank area (1) ~ (5) vapor cloud explosion, storage tank, storage tank ignited the adjacent probability is about 1.39 * 10-8/a-1, which belongs to the unacceptable risk, must take effective measures to prevent vapor cloud explosion, as in storage tank wall coating thermal insulation layer, daub preservatives, improve the fire with such measures as far as possible to reduce the risk of failure of storage tanks in the tank group. Combined with the research results of three kinds of dangerous area fire conditions, a liquefied gas station tank area accident prevention and emergency rescue treatment plan put forward specific measures, the injured radius R3 (thermal radiation flux of target radiation material received 12.5kw/m2) as fire rescue critical safe distance, determine the best safety distance of fire emergency rescue personnel were 13.11m, 12.54m, 149.4m (100m~3, 10.98m, 6.19M tank), 70.42m (10m~3 tank), for To provide reference for fire safety and fire rescue station to determine the safe distance, to ensure the safety and efficiency of liquefied gas station storage tank fire rescue work.

【学位授予单位】：山东建筑大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TE88

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