高性能建筑围护结构的应用效果评价与理论体系构建

发布时间：2017-12-27 22:00

本文关键词：高性能建筑围护结构的应用效果评价与理论体系构建　出处：《中国科学技术大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：建筑相关能耗占社会总能耗的40%左右,实行建筑节能是节能减排工作的重要组成部分。在建筑运行过程中,超过三分之一的能耗用于调控室内居住环境;随着人们对居住环境要求的提高,该能耗还在持续攀升。室内环境调控是为了对抗室外剧烈变化的自然环境。不受控的室外环境和受控的室内环境由建筑围护结构分隔。围护结构的性能决定了室外环境对室内环境的影响程度,进而从根本上影响建筑能耗。因此,提高围护结构的节能性能是降低建筑能耗最有效也是最重要的途径。学者们广泛研究了各种节能材料在围护结构中的应用效果,希望籍此构建高性能围护结构。例如,使用相变材料增强围护结构的储热能力,使用隔热材料增强隔热能力,使用热致变色材料调控太阳辐照等。这些研究关注的重点大多是对材料自身的性质提升,对性质与节能性能之间的关系研究则相对缺乏。对节能机理的全面认识有助于指明材料研究的正确方向,避免无效尝试。本论文的研究目标是从现有典型先进节能材料的应用中总结出底层的节能机理,为高性能围护结构的构建方法提供理论指导。为此,开展了下述工作。利用建筑智能节能测试与示范平台和建筑能耗模拟软件,以户外全尺寸实验和数值模拟方法,展示并比较了以定形相变材料为代表的储热材料和以膨胀聚苯乙烯为代表的隔热材料在非透明围护结构中的应用效果,分析了应用位置、季节和气候等因素对应用效果的影响。研究发现:在建筑中使用储热材料可显著增强围护结构的储热能力,有助于降低室内空气的波动幅度,进而提高热舒适度;储热材料在轻质建筑中的应用效果相比重质建筑更加明显;隔热材料在冬季可有效提高室内热舒适度,在夏季却会降低热舒适度。基于典型材料的应用分析,进一步总结了材料的隔热性能和储热性能在非透明围护结构中的节能机理,揭示了适用于被动建筑和主动建筑的理想墙体材料。结果表明:理想非透明围护结构中,不同朝向和位置的墙体所需的材料性质是不同的:理想的性质应能够促进各墙体发挥其有利作用,并抑制不利影响。在对透明围护结构的研究中,首先以二氧化钒热致变色窗为例,探讨了窗户的太阳辐射调控能力对窗户节能效果的影响。发现:现有VO2贴膜玻璃的太阳辐射调控能力较弱,仅适用于夏季节能;调控能力并不能代表节能能力,调控有可能反而会降低节能效果。据此,作者进一步深入探讨了调控能力与节能能力的关系,发展了热致变色窗智能调控能力的判断方法,阐明了智能调控与节能性能的内在关系。基于对长波热辐射对建筑节能影响规律的认识提出了一种新型双重智能调控窗,展示了在调控太阳辐射的基础上进一步调控长波辐射带来的节能效果。最后以双层窗为例,介绍了增强窗户隔热性能带来的降低得热和阻碍散热的效果。通过对现有典型先进节能材料的客观评价和相应节能机理的分析,总结出了高性能建筑围护结构的理想性质:在被动建筑夏季应用中,接收较强太阳辐照的墙体应该具有较强的隔热能力和储热能力,而接收太阳辐照较少的部分则应该在具备一定储热能力的同时降低隔热能力;在主动建筑中,极佳的隔热性能是理想外墙所应具备的特性,而理想内墙则应同时具备较强的储热能力和导热能力;理想的热致变色窗应该在20℃C附近发生相转变以满足不同季节的节能需求,相转变带来的太阳辐射透过率调控幅度需高于30%。本论文的结论可为建筑节能材料的研究提供参考方向,加速高性能围护结构的实现。
[Abstract]:Construction related energy consumption accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the society. Building energy conservation is an important part of energy saving and emission reduction. In the process of building operation, more than 1/3 of energy consumption is used to control indoor living environment. With the improvement of people's living environment requirements, the energy consumption continues to rise. Indoor environment control is to combat the natural environment of violent outdoor changes. The uncontrolled outdoor environment and controlled indoor environment are separated by the building enclosure. The performance of the enclosure structure determines the impact of the outdoor environment on the indoor environment, and then fundamentally affects the energy consumption of the building. Therefore, improving the energy saving performance of the enclosure structure is the most effective and most important way to reduce the energy consumption of the building. Scholars have extensively studied the application effect of various energy saving materials in the enclosure structure, hoping to build a high performance envelope. For example, the use of phase change materials to enhance the thermal storage capacity of the enclosure structure, the use of heat insulation materials to enhance the insulation capacity, the use of thermochromism materials to regulate the sun radiation. Most of these studies focus on the improvement of the properties of the material itself, and the relative lack of research on the relationship between properties and energy efficiency. A comprehensive understanding of the energy saving mechanism will help to indicate the correct direction of material research and avoid ineffective attempts. The goal of this paper is to summarize the underlying energy saving mechanism from the application of typical advanced energy-saving materials, and to provide theoretical guidance for building high-performance enclosure structures. To this end, the following work has been carried out. The use of intelligent building energy saving test and demonstration platform and building energy simulation software, the outdoor full size experimental and numerical simulation methods, the effect of thermal storage materials with shape stabilized phase change material as the representative and heat insulation materials to expanded polystyrene as a representative in non transparent envelope in comparison and analysis of the impact of display, location and application the seasonal and climatic factors on the effect of application. The study found that: the use of thermal storage materials in the building can significantly enhance the heat storage capacity of the retaining structure, helps to reduce volatility of indoor air, thereby improving thermal comfort; application of thermal storage materials in lightweight construction than in heavy construction is more obvious; insulation materials can effectively improve the indoor thermal comfort in winter. In the summer, it will reduce the thermal comfort. Based on the application analysis of typical materials, the energy saving mechanism of material's heat insulation and heat storage performance in non transparent enclosure structure is further summarized, and the ideal wall material suitable for passive building and active building is revealed. The results show that the material properties of the wall with different orientations and positions are different in the ideal non transparent enclosure structure: the ideal properties should be able to promote the advantages of each wall and suppress the adverse effects. In the research of transparent enclosure structure, firstly, taking two vanadium thermochromic windows as an example, we discussed the influence of solar radiation regulation ability of windows on energy saving effect of windows. It is found that the solar radiation control capability of the existing VO2 film glass is weaker, which is only suitable for energy saving in summer. The regulation ability does not represent the energy saving capacity, and the regulation may reduce the energy saving effect. Accordingly, the author further explores the relationship between regulation ability and energy saving ability, develops the judgement method of intelligent control ability of thermochromic windows, and expounds the inherent relationship between intelligent control and energy saving performance. Based on the understanding of the influence rule of long wave thermal radiation on building energy efficiency, a new dual intelligent control window is proposed, which shows that the energy saving effect of long wave radiation is further regulated based on the regulation of solar radiation. At last, taking double window as an example, the effect of reducing heat and preventing heat dissipation caused by enhancing the insulation performance of windows is introduced. Through the analysis of the objective evaluation of the existing typical advanced energy saving materials and the corresponding energy saving mechanism, summed up the ideal properties of high performance building envelope in passive building in summer application, receiving strong solar radiation wall should have strong ability of heat insulation and heat storage capacity, and solar irradiation with fewer parts should reduce insulation have a certain ability in the heat storage capacity at the same time; in active construction, excellent insulation performance is the necessary characteristics of the ideal wall, and the ideal inner wall should also have a strong heat storage capacity and heat capacity; ideal thermochromic window should change to meet the energy demand in different seasons near 20 DEG C, the transmittance is higher than 30% for modulating the amplitude of phase transition caused by solar radiation. The conclusion of this paper can provide reference for the research of building energy saving materials and accelerate the realization of high performance envelope.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TU111.195;TU111.4

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