天基空间目标观测大视场离轴反射系统研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 14:07

本文选题：光学系统　切入点：空间目标观测　出处：《中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：从空间资源的占领和资源使用的角度来看,空间目标的观测无论在空间利用或者空间控制方面,都具有广泛的应用前景和应用需求。目前天基空间目标探测从最初的导弹预警发展到现在的静地轨道目标观测和空间碎片观测,其目的逐渐从进空转为太空观测,而从各国发展状况和未来空间领域使用状况可知,基于微小卫星的灵活拍摄、整体观测能力强的大视场空间目标天基观测逐渐成为必然趋势。国内在满足大视场、高分辨需求的小型天基空间目标探测相机研制方面处于起步阶段。随着国内卫星技术的不断发展和未来卫星数目不断增长的发展需求,大视场观测相机的研究也迫在眉睫。本论文致力于大视场、高分辨需求的小型天基空间目标探测相机的相关理论研究,在相机的光学系统设计方法和针对此光学系统的检测方法均进行了相关的创新性研究和实际研究,为进一步研制天基空间目标探测相机打下基础。首先本文对国内外空间目标观测相机的发展状况进行了调研,详细介绍了美国、加拿大、以及其他国家的空间目标观测卫星及其相机,并整体论述了各国空间目标观测卫星的未来发展趋势以及目前国内的发展状况。在轨运行的空间目标探测相机的探测目标为空间目标,空间目标的成像特点和其所处环境对探测相机的技术参数有较大影响。根据探测目标和探测器特性对空间目标探测相机视场、焦距、工作光谱等参数的设定进行约束,提出了一系列的计算方法。同时,空间目标的探测环境要求相机具有消除杂散光的能力,因此针对杂散光的来源和不同目标探测星等、探测器的信噪比、光学系统有效通光口径、曝光不同目标探测星等对系统消杂光能力进行调研,最终提出空间目标观测的主要形式为带有中间像面的实入瞳的离轴三反光学系统。依据已知的技术指标要求,首先利用传统的赛德尔像差理论设计光学系统,设计了实入瞳、带中间像面的大视场离轴反射系统。后引入了一款基于微分方程的设计方法,该方法与几何光线追迹相结合,在费马原理与正弦条件的基础上建立微分方程,可以用来设计自由曲面、离轴系统,并利用该方法设计了大视场离轴反射系统的天基目标空间相机,在16o×4o的大视场下该系统取得了优良的成像质量,验证了设计方法的可行性。在研究大视场离轴反射系统的设计方法之后,提出了一款针对实入瞳、出瞳的离轴反射式系统的检测方法。该方法是基于正弦条件的光栅检测方法,能够根据正弦条件的违背量一次检测轴上和轴外的视场线性相关像差,可以用来指导装调。根据此检测方法设计了单透镜的验证试验和离轴反射系统的模拟实验,均证明了其可行性。
[Abstract]:From the use of space resources and resource occupation perspective, observation of space target in space or use of space, has application prospect and extensive application demand. At present, space-based missile early warning detection from the initial development to now quietly track target observation and observations of space debris, it gradually from in the idle space observation, and use the situation from different development status and future space, micro satellite shooting based on flexible, large field of space-based observation observation ability of the whole has become an inevitable trend. In order to meet the domestic large field of view, target small space high resolution camera detection demand development at the initial stage. With the development needs of development of the domestic satellite technology and a growing number of future satellite observations, research of large field of view camera is imminent Pars. This paper is devoted to the large field of view, target small space high resolution detection requirements of relevant theoretical research in camera, optical system design method and needle camera detection method in optical system were carried out innovative research and practical research, for the further development of space-based detection camera. First lay the foundation in this paper, the development status of domestic and international space target observation camera for the research, introduced the United States, Canada, and other countries of the space target observation satellite and camera, and discusses the future development trend of the whole world space target observation satellite as well as the current domestic development condition. Space target orbit detection camera target detection for space target, the imaging characteristics of space target and the technical parameters of environment detecting camera has great influence. According to the detection target And the detector characteristics of space target detection camera field, focal length, spectrum parameter setting constraints, a series of calculation method is put forward. At the same time, the requirements of space target detection environment camera has the ability to eliminate the stray light, so the source of stray light and different target detection magnitude, the signal-to-noise ratio of the optical detector. The system effective aperture, exposure of different magnitude of target detection system of stray light elimination ability of research, finally puts forward the main form of space target observation with intermediate image plane real entrance pupil off-axis three mirror optical system. According to the specifications known, first using the Seidel aberration theory of optical system design of the traditional design, the real the pupil, with the intermediate image plane of large FOV off-axis reflective system. After introducing a design method based on differential equations, the method of combining with geometric ray tracing, A differential equation based on Fermat's principle and sinusoidal conditions, can be used to design the free surface, the off-axis system, and the design of space-based space camera with large field of view off-axis reflection system using this method has excellent image quality in the system wide field 16O * 4O. Verify the feasibility of the design method after the design of shaft system in the study of the reflection from the angle of view, proposed for a real entrance pupil, a detection method of reflective off-axis system pupil. The method is based on the conditions of sinusoidal grating detection methods, according to the conditions of a violation of the sine wave detection on and off axis linear field related aberrations can be used to guide the alignment. According to the detection method of the experimental simulation test of single lens and off-axis reflective system design, which proves its feasibility.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TJ86

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