ADN基推进剂雾化特性试验及ADN基推力器工作过程的仿真研究
发布时间：2018-11-04 14:23
【摘要】：开发新型高性能空间推进系统是目前各国学者研究的重点,也是未来空间推进的主要发展方向。二硝酰胺铵(ADN)基单组元液体推进剂是目前具有广阔应用前景的绿色空间推进剂,由于其具有的优良性能,可以取代姿轨控发动机上所广泛应用的肼类推进剂。而高效组织ADN基推进剂的雾化、蒸发、催化分解和燃烧等过程,对提高推力器比冲性能,可靠性以及经济性等具有重要的意义。本文以高性能ADN基推力器为研究背景,以绿色无毒ADN基空间推进剂为工质,通过实验方法获得了 ADN基推进剂的旋流雾化特性,并采用数值模拟方法获得了 ADN基推力器三维仿真计算结果,探讨了推进剂组分配比变动的影响。同时明确了推力器关键参数对ADN基推力器内催化分解和燃烧过程的影响机理,为小量级航天推力器的设计以及推力器内部雾化燃烧机理的进一步研究提供支持。建立了 ADN基推进剂旋流雾化特性研究的实验装置。其中,基于最大流量原理的经验系数方法,设计了旋流喷嘴。采用高速摄影和马尔文粒度仪相结合的方法分别获得了旋流喷雾动态图像以及液滴粒径分布信息。研究了 ADN基单组元推进剂的旋流雾化特性,通过对旋流喷雾形态进行分析,明确了推进剂旋流雾化过程中的发展和演化特性,探讨了喷射压力,喷孔结构参数,切向孔结构参数以及旋流室结构参数对旋流雾化中宏观和微观特性的影响规律,获得了喷射参数和喷嘴结构参数对液膜破碎长度,雾化锥角以及平均粒径的影响规律。结果表明,提高喷射压力,降低喷嘴长度,降低喷嘴直径,增加旋流室高度,增加切向孔数量都有利于ADN基推进剂雾化特性的提高,并获得了切向孔孔数和旋流室直径的优值。明确了喷嘴结构参数对旋流雾化特性的影响权重,明确了旋流室直径和高度分别是影响喷雾锥角和液膜破碎长度的关键因素,而切向孔数量是影响液滴平均粒径大小的关键因素。从而进一步揭示了喷嘴结构参数对ADN基推进剂旋流雾化过程中宏观和微观特性的影响规律。以ADN基单组元推力器为研究对象,耦合基于喷嘴雾化特性实验结果的旋流雾化模型,以及蒸发模型,多孔介质传质模型,考虑热弥散效应的多孔介质非等温传热模型,辐射模型以及简化化学反应动力学模型等,建立了 ADN基推力器的物理和数学模型。其中,液滴蒸发速率预测模型通过实验获得。首先,基于差式扫描量热法,获得了 ADN基推进剂催化分解过程中的吸放热特性。研究了非触壁态的液滴蒸发过程,探讨了液滴与高温壁面接触后的形态变化,明确了液滴在不同壁面温度条件下的生存时间,获得了 ADN基推进剂液滴与石英玻璃之间的莱顿弗洛斯特现象,明确了高低温条件下液滴蒸发的阶段特征,最终建立了ADN基推进剂液滴蒸发速率的理论预测模型。根据所建立的ADN基推力器催化分解和燃烧的物理数学模型,通过数值模拟方法研究了推力器内温度的空间分布特性,探讨了沿推力器中心轴线以及催化床出口截面和燃烧室出口截面的组分分布特性,明确了 ADN基推力器内温度分布,以及反应物ADN,甲醇,重要中间产物AN,N2O,NO2,HCOOH,以及生成物CO2,H2O等组分之间的相互关系,揭示了催化分解和燃烧反应在推力器内不同位置处的反应程度。同时,明确了 ADN基推进剂组分配比变动对推力器内温度空间分布和物质组分分布的差异性,获得了使得推力器比冲性能提高的推进剂组分配比的最优值。最后研究了推力器关键参数,包括催化床运行参数,喷射压力和推力器结构参数,对ADN基推力器催化分解和燃烧过程的影响机理。探讨了不同工况下,温度的空间分布,反应物以及重要中间产物在催化床和燃烧室出口截面轴线处组分分布特性,明确了推力器关键参数对催化分解和燃烧反应区域的影响机制。结果表明,孔隙率的增加,预热温度的升高,喷射压力的增加都有利于推力器比冲性能的提高,同时明确了预热温度为420K条件下推力器的启动特性,获得了催化床长度和推力器直径的最优值。明确了推力器关键参数对ADN基推力器比冲性能的影响权重,明确了推力器直径是比冲性能影响的主导因素,而催化床孔隙率对比冲性能的影响相对较小。为ADN基推力器的设计和点火实验的研究提供了帮助。
[Abstract]:The development of a new high-performance space propulsion system is the focus of the research of national scholars, and is also the main direction of development of space propulsion in the future. The ADN-based single-group liquid propellant is a green space propellant with wide application prospect. The process of atomization, evaporation, catalytic decomposition and combustion of ADN-based propellant is of great significance to improve the performance, reliability and economy of the ADN-based propellant. In this paper, the swirl atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant are obtained by using the high-performance ADN-based solid propellant as the research background, and the simulation results of ADN-based propellant are obtained by means of numerical simulation. The influence of distribution ratio variation of propellant group was discussed. At the same time, the influence mechanism of critical parameters on the catalytic decomposition and combustion process in ADN-based diesel engine is clarified, and the support is provided for the design of small-scale space combustion engine and the further research on the mechanism of internal atomization combustion. An experimental apparatus for the study of swirl atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant is established. The swirl nozzle is designed based on the empirical coefficient method based on the maximum flow principle. The dynamic image of swirl spray and the distribution of droplet size were obtained by combining high speed photography and Malvern particle size instrument. The swirl atomization characteristics of the ADN-based single-group propellant are studied. Through the analysis of the swirl spray morphology, the development and evolution characteristics of the propellant swirl atomization process are clarified, and the injection pressure and orifice structure parameters are discussed. The influence of the parameters of tangential hole and the structural parameters of swirl chamber on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of swirl atomization is studied. The influence of spray parameters and nozzle structure parameters on the fracture length, atomizing cone angle and average particle size of liquid film are obtained. The results show that increasing the injection pressure, reducing nozzle length, reducing nozzle diameter, increasing swirl chamber height, increasing the number of tangential holes is favorable to the improvement of atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant, and obtains excellent value of tangential hole number and swirl chamber diameter. The influence weight of nozzle structure parameters on the characteristics of swirl atomization is defined. The diameter and height of swirl chamber are the key factors that influence the fracture length of spray cone and liquid film, and the number of tangential holes is the key factor that affects the average particle size of the droplet. The influence of nozzle structure parameters on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ADN-based propellant swirl atomization is further revealed. Taking the ADN-based single-group element as the research object, the swirl atomization model based on the experimental results of the nozzle atomization characteristics, and the evaporation model, the mass transfer model of the porous medium, the non-isothermal heat transfer model of the porous medium considering the heat dispersion effect, The physical and mathematical models of ADN-based magnetometer have been established by radiation model and simplified chemical reaction dynamics model. wherein the droplet evaporation rate prediction model is obtained by experiments. Firstly, the heat absorption characteristics of ADN-based propellant catalytic decomposition are obtained based on the differential scanning calorimetry. In this paper, the droplet evaporation process of the non-contact wall state is studied, the morphology change after contact with the high temperature wall surface is discussed, the survival time of the liquid drops under different wall temperature conditions is clarified, and the Leiden Frost phenomenon between the droplets of the ADN-based propellant and the quartz glass is obtained. The phase characteristics of droplet evaporation under high and low temperature conditions are clarified, and the theoretical prediction model of droplet evaporation rate of ADN-based propellant is finally established. Based on the established physical mathematical model of the catalytic decomposition and combustion of ADN-based hydrogen cyanide, the spatial distribution characteristics of the temperature in the combustion chamber are studied by numerical simulation method, and the distribution characteristics of the components along the central axis and the outlet cross section of the catalytic bed and the outlet cross section of the combustion chamber are discussed. The relationship between the temperature distribution in the ADN base and the components of the reactant ADN, methanol, an important intermediate product AN, N2O, NO2, HCOOH, and the product CO2, H2O and the like are clarified, and the reaction degree of the catalytic decomposition and the combustion reaction at different positions in the muffle furnace is disclosed. At the same time, the difference between the distribution of the distribution ratio of the ADN-based propellant group and the distribution of the distribution of the material components in the propellant group was clarified, and the optimal value of the distribution ratio of the propellant group was obtained. Finally, the key parameters, including catalytic bed operating parameters, injection pressure and thermodynamic structure parameters, were studied, and the mechanism of the catalytic decomposition and combustion process of ADN-based hydrogen cyanide was studied. In this paper, the distribution characteristics of temperature distribution, reactant and important intermediate products in different working conditions are discussed, and the influence mechanism of critical parameters on catalytic decomposition and combustion reaction zone is defined. The results show that the increase of the porosity, the increase of the preheating temperature and the increase of the injection pressure are beneficial to the improvement of the catalytic oxidation ratio, and meanwhile, the start-up characteristic of the ingot under the condition of the preheating temperature of 420K is clarified, and the optimum value of the length of the catalytic bed and the cylinder diameter is obtained. The influence weight of critical parameters on the performance of ADN-based anti-impact ratio is clarified, and the dominant factor which is influenced by the impact on the ratio of the catalytic bed porosity is clarified, and the influence of the catalytic bed porosity on the impact resistance is relatively small. Help is provided for the design of the ADN-based magnetometer and for the study of ignition experiments.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：V511
[Abstract]:The development of a new high-performance space propulsion system is the focus of the research of national scholars, and is also the main direction of development of space propulsion in the future. The ADN-based single-group liquid propellant is a green space propellant with wide application prospect. The process of atomization, evaporation, catalytic decomposition and combustion of ADN-based propellant is of great significance to improve the performance, reliability and economy of the ADN-based propellant. In this paper, the swirl atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant are obtained by using the high-performance ADN-based solid propellant as the research background, and the simulation results of ADN-based propellant are obtained by means of numerical simulation. The influence of distribution ratio variation of propellant group was discussed. At the same time, the influence mechanism of critical parameters on the catalytic decomposition and combustion process in ADN-based diesel engine is clarified, and the support is provided for the design of small-scale space combustion engine and the further research on the mechanism of internal atomization combustion. An experimental apparatus for the study of swirl atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant is established. The swirl nozzle is designed based on the empirical coefficient method based on the maximum flow principle. The dynamic image of swirl spray and the distribution of droplet size were obtained by combining high speed photography and Malvern particle size instrument. The swirl atomization characteristics of the ADN-based single-group propellant are studied. Through the analysis of the swirl spray morphology, the development and evolution characteristics of the propellant swirl atomization process are clarified, and the injection pressure and orifice structure parameters are discussed. The influence of the parameters of tangential hole and the structural parameters of swirl chamber on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of swirl atomization is studied. The influence of spray parameters and nozzle structure parameters on the fracture length, atomizing cone angle and average particle size of liquid film are obtained. The results show that increasing the injection pressure, reducing nozzle length, reducing nozzle diameter, increasing swirl chamber height, increasing the number of tangential holes is favorable to the improvement of atomization characteristics of ADN-based propellant, and obtains excellent value of tangential hole number and swirl chamber diameter. The influence weight of nozzle structure parameters on the characteristics of swirl atomization is defined. The diameter and height of swirl chamber are the key factors that influence the fracture length of spray cone and liquid film, and the number of tangential holes is the key factor that affects the average particle size of the droplet. The influence of nozzle structure parameters on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ADN-based propellant swirl atomization is further revealed. Taking the ADN-based single-group element as the research object, the swirl atomization model based on the experimental results of the nozzle atomization characteristics, and the evaporation model, the mass transfer model of the porous medium, the non-isothermal heat transfer model of the porous medium considering the heat dispersion effect, The physical and mathematical models of ADN-based magnetometer have been established by radiation model and simplified chemical reaction dynamics model. wherein the droplet evaporation rate prediction model is obtained by experiments. Firstly, the heat absorption characteristics of ADN-based propellant catalytic decomposition are obtained based on the differential scanning calorimetry. In this paper, the droplet evaporation process of the non-contact wall state is studied, the morphology change after contact with the high temperature wall surface is discussed, the survival time of the liquid drops under different wall temperature conditions is clarified, and the Leiden Frost phenomenon between the droplets of the ADN-based propellant and the quartz glass is obtained. The phase characteristics of droplet evaporation under high and low temperature conditions are clarified, and the theoretical prediction model of droplet evaporation rate of ADN-based propellant is finally established. Based on the established physical mathematical model of the catalytic decomposition and combustion of ADN-based hydrogen cyanide, the spatial distribution characteristics of the temperature in the combustion chamber are studied by numerical simulation method, and the distribution characteristics of the components along the central axis and the outlet cross section of the catalytic bed and the outlet cross section of the combustion chamber are discussed. The relationship between the temperature distribution in the ADN base and the components of the reactant ADN, methanol, an important intermediate product AN, N2O, NO2, HCOOH, and the product CO2, H2O and the like are clarified, and the reaction degree of the catalytic decomposition and the combustion reaction at different positions in the muffle furnace is disclosed. At the same time, the difference between the distribution of the distribution ratio of the ADN-based propellant group and the distribution of the distribution of the material components in the propellant group was clarified, and the optimal value of the distribution ratio of the propellant group was obtained. Finally, the key parameters, including catalytic bed operating parameters, injection pressure and thermodynamic structure parameters, were studied, and the mechanism of the catalytic decomposition and combustion process of ADN-based hydrogen cyanide was studied. In this paper, the distribution characteristics of temperature distribution, reactant and important intermediate products in different working conditions are discussed, and the influence mechanism of critical parameters on catalytic decomposition and combustion reaction zone is defined. The results show that the increase of the porosity, the increase of the preheating temperature and the increase of the injection pressure are beneficial to the improvement of the catalytic oxidation ratio, and meanwhile, the start-up characteristic of the ingot under the condition of the preheating temperature of 420K is clarified, and the optimum value of the length of the catalytic bed and the cylinder diameter is obtained. The influence weight of critical parameters on the performance of ADN-based anti-impact ratio is clarified, and the dominant factor which is influenced by the impact on the ratio of the catalytic bed porosity is clarified, and the influence of the catalytic bed porosity on the impact resistance is relatively small. Help is provided for the design of the ADN-based magnetometer and for the study of ignition experiments.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：V511
【参考文献】
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