长白山早春类短命植物生物与生态特性研究

发布时间：2017-12-28 05:06

本文关键词：长白山早春类短命植物生物与生态特性研究　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：早春类短命植物是北温带落叶阔叶林与针阔混交林下的多年生地下芽植物,是林下草本植物层片及植物多样性的重要组成,具有早春积雪融化之时迅速开花、结实,于林冠层郁闭时枯萎死亡,而后进入休眠的生活史特性。目前有关早春类短命植物的群落生态特征及区系分布研究报道较多,而有关种群构件生长发育规律及夏眠期地下生长特征却报道甚少。本文以长白山区四种早春类短命植物侧金盏花、牡丹草、堇叶延胡索、猪牙花为研究对象,开展了生长季各种群构件生长和分配特征、夏眠期地下芽发生形态学特征及生长发育节律,以及不同生长发育期生理特征等系统研究,获得了长白山区四种早春类短命植物生长季种群生长策略及夏眠期地下生长发育规律等系列结果,为进一步探讨早春类短命植物趋同适应机理提供参考。其主要研究结果和结论如下:1.四种早春类短命植物种群构件生长普遍存在较大的表型可塑性,其中,生物量的可塑性大于株高。繁殖构件和贮藏构件生物量与全株生物量之间及其与地上生物量之间普遍存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的线性函数正相关关系,个别生育期存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的幂函数或指数函数正相关关系。整个生育期各种群用于贮藏的生物量分配比重最大,侧金盏花、牡丹草、堇叶延胡索、猪牙花依次为63.41%~68.71%、73.72%~84.88%、38.87%~54.24%、48.57%~64.87%;而用于有性生殖的分配比重甚小,依次为2.61~6.28%、3.22~8.36%、12.37~20.58%、3.04~8.41%。牡丹草、堇叶延胡索和猪牙花种群构件生物量相对生长速率及生物量分配动态表现出相对一致的季节性变化,而侧金盏花则表现出相对不同的的规律性。整个生育期各种群用于贮藏构件的生物量分配变异较小,而用于繁殖构件的生物量分配具有较高的可塑性。各种群贮藏器官用于下一生长季的生物量积累普遍在初果期或盛果期以后果实尚未快速发育之前开始的。2.四种早春类短命植物地下芽分化的时间进程存在不同步性。其中,侧金盏花根茎4月中旬盛花期开始进行新根和芽的分化、地下芽的形态分化进程可分为芽鳞分化期、花原基分化期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个时期,整个分化历经3个月左右;猪牙花鳞茎在5月中下旬生育末期开始进行更新芽的分化,形态分化进程可分为叶片分化期、花原基分化期、花被分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期5个时期,整个分化过程持续1个半月左右;牡丹草和堇叶延胡索地上植株死亡后块茎先进行2个月左右的休眠,于7月中下旬开始进行地下芽的分化,其分化进程可分为萌芽期、花序原基分化期、花序形成期、花器官分化期4个时期,整个分化阶段历经2个月左右。四种早春类短命植物地下芽形态发生完成后,便进入地下生长发育阶段,一直到土壤封冻前发育为成熟的花蕾或花序后进入越冬休眠。3.四种早春类短命植物地下芽生长发育具有一致的规律性,表现为芽长与芽径之间呈极显著(P0.01)的幂函数异速生长关系,整个地下生长阶段芽长增长速率总是快于芽径增长速率,但增长速率在不同发育时期存在不同步性,具有阶段性优先伸长或增径的异速生长节律,芽体生长呈优先伸长再径向增粗的异速生长规律。早春类短命植物夏眠并不是防御逆境伤害的生理休眠,而是将生长转于地下藉以逃避光资源竞争的“生态休眠”。4.四种早春类短命植物生长季地上部可溶性总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量的动态变化趋势基本一致,表现为初花期含量较低,随后逐渐上升,于果期含量维持在较高的水平。初花期植株地上部可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD活性及MDA含量均维持在较高的水平,体现了早春类短命植物对低温防御的生理响应。贮藏器官碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量及保护酶活性表现为侧金盏花、牡丹草具有相对一致的规律,而猪牙花和堇叶延胡索变化规律相近。5.四种早春类短命植物夏眠期地下芽形态分化期间,贮藏器官可溶性总糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白含量及保护酶活性均维持在较高的水平;而葡萄糖、果糖、还原糖、淀粉含量则处于相对较低的水平。地下芽发育初期四种早春类短命植物贮藏器官可溶性总糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD、POD活性普遍维持在较低的水平;而发育后期随着温度的降低,其含量和活性逐渐升高,体现了早春类短命植物地下生长季贮藏器官生理特征具有相对一致的规律性变化。
[Abstract]:Spring Ephemerals are perennial geophyte north temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest, is an important component of herbaceous layer vegetation and species diversity in the forest, with early spring snow melt when rapid flowering and fruiting, on canopy canopy when death, but after entering the life history characteristics of dormancy. The Spring Ephemerals ecological community characteristics and flora distribution of many reports about population growth and dormancy component underground growth characteristics was reported rarely. This paper takes Changbai Mountain area four Spring Ephemerals a.amurensis, peony grass, violifolia Corydalis, spent as the research object, carry out the growing season of growth and distribution of various group members, during aestivation underground bud morphological characteristics and growth rhythm, and different growth characteristics of physiological system research, obtained Changbai Mountain district four Spring Ephemerals growing season population growth strategy and growth regularity of summer dormancy underground series of results, provide a reference for the further study of adaptation mechanism of Spring Ephemerals convergence. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1., four species of ephemeral plants in early spring generally have large phenotypic plasticity, and biomass plasticity is greater than plant height. Between the breeding component and biological storage components and whole plant biomass and aboveground biomass (P0.05) has significant or extremely significant (P0.01) linear function of positive correlation, significant individual growth period (P0.05) or (P0.01) a significant power function or exponential positive correlation. In the whole growth period of various groups for the biomass allocation proportion of maximum storage, Adonis, peony grass, Rhizoma Corydalis, erythronium violifolia were 63.41%~68.71%, 73.72%~84.88%, 38.87%~54.24%, 48.57%~64.87%; and for the distribution of the proportion of sexual reproduction is very small, are as follows: 2.61~ 6.28%, 3.22~8.36%, 12.37~20.58%, 3.04~8.41%. Peony grass, corydalis violifolia and tooth flower group member relative growth rate and biomass dynamics of biomass allocation showed seasonal changes relatively consistent, while a.amurensis showed relative regularity of different. In the whole growth period, the variation of biomass allocation for storage components is small, and the biomass allocation for reproductive components has high plasticity. The biomass accumulation of various group storage organs for the long season of the whole life was generally started before the early fruit period or the fruit period. 2. the time process of subterranean bud differentiation of four species of early spring short life plants is not synchrony. Among them, a.amurensis roots in mid April flowering began to root and bud differentiation, underground bud morphological differentiation process can be divided into bud differentiation stage, flower primordium differentiation phase, sepal differentiation phase, petal differentiation stage, stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation period of the 6 period, the differentiation after 3 months erythronium; bulb at the end of 5 months at the late growth stage began to bud differentiation and renewal, morphological differentiation process can be divided into differentiation stage, leaf primordium differentiation stage, flower differentiation stage, stamen differentiation stage and pistil differentiation period of the 5 period, the differentiation process lasted about 1 and a half months; Peony grass and ground plant Corydalis violifolia after the death of the first tuber dormancy for about 2 months, the differentiation began underground buds in the mid to late 7, the differentiation process can be divided into initial stage, inflorescence primordium differentiation phase, inflorescence formation stage and flower organ differentiation when 4 Period, the whole stage of differentiation lasted about 2 months. Four kinds of Spring Ephemerals underground bud morphogenesis is completed, will enter the underground growth stage, until the development of dormancy before soil freezing into mature buds or inflorescence after entering the winter. The growth of 3. four kinds of Spring Ephemerals underground buds have consistent regularity, as the length of bud and bud diameter was significant (P0.01) between the power function of the allometric relationship, the underground growth stages of bud length growth rate is always faster than the growth rate of bud diameter, but the growth rate in different growth period does not exist synchronicity is stage of preferential elongation or increase the diameter of the allometric growth rhythm, bud growth showed preferential elongation then radial thickening of the allometric growth law. Spring Ephemerals aestivation and physiological stress injury prevention is not dormant, but will change the growth in the underground ecological dormancy to escape from light resource competition "". The dynamic change trend of 4. four kinds of Spring Ephemerals growing season the total soluble sugar, reducing sugar and starch content is basically the same as at the early flowering stage was lower, then gradually increased, fruit period were maintained at a high level. Early flowering plant soluble protein content, SOD, POD activity and MDA content were maintained at a high level, reflects the response of Spring Ephemerals on low temperature physiological defense. The storage organs of carbohydrate, soluble protein, MDA content and protective enzyme activity showed herba-adonis-amurensis, peony grass has a relatively uniform rules, and rules violifolia erythronium japonicum and similar changes of corydalis. During the 5. four Spring Ephemerals dormancy bud morphological differentiation of underground storage organs, total soluble sugar, sucrose, soluble protein content and protective enzyme activity were maintained at a higher level; while glucose and fructose, reducing sugar and starch content at a relatively low level. Underground bud four early Spring Ephemerals storage organ of total soluble sugar, sucrose, soluble protein content and SOD, POD activity is generally maintained at a relatively low level; and at a later stage of development with the decrease of temperature, the content and activity gradually increased, reflecting the growth characteristics of Spring Ephemerals underground storage organ physiology have regular season the change of relative consistency.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q948

【参考文献】