异翅亚目昆虫比较线粒体基因组学及系统发育关系研究

发布时间：2018-01-02 08:40

本文关键词：异翅亚目昆虫比较线粒体基因组学及系统发育关系研究　出处：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：异翅亚目Heteroptera隶属于昆虫纲Insecta半翅目Hemiptera,现生类群分为7个次目近80个科,已知物种40,000余种,包括很多重要农林害虫、病媒昆虫及天敌。其高级阶元的系统发育关系长期存在争议,特别是奇蝽、鞭蝽、黾蝽、蝎蝽、细蝽的分类地位,此外,臭虫次目的单系性也一直存在疑问。昆虫线粒体基因组被广泛地应用于系统发育关系、种群遗传结构等研究,但目前利用线粒体基因组数据进行异翅亚目系统发育关系研究仍存在诸多问题,如研究结果易受到线粒体基因组碱基组成及进化速率异质性的影响,分析模型选择不当会产生系统误差,某些类群如鞭蝽次目、奇蝽次目、细蝽次目的线粒体基因组数据缺乏。本研究针对这些问题,进一步扩大物种的取样,共测定了异翅亚目5次目15科30种昆虫的线粒体全基因组,重点补充了奇蝽次目、细蝽次目等类群的数据。对共130种异翅亚目昆虫线粒体基因组的碱基组成、进化速率、重排现象等进行比较分析,主要研究结果如下:(1)异翅亚目昆虫线粒体基因组的碱基组成及进化速率均存在显著的异质性:网蝽科、黾蝽次目、鞭蝽次目和奇蝽次目的线粒体基因组具有较高的AT含量和进化速率,而猎蝽科、细蝽次目、蝎蝽次目的AT含量及进化速率均较低。(2)在异翅亚目7科19种中共发现7种类型的基因重排。其中,奇蝽次目5种均发生相同的ND4L基因下游的基因洗牌,呈现出基因组加速重排趋势。在栉蝽科、猎蝽科、扁蝽科、红蝽总科的重排仅涉及RNA基因。针对异翅亚目昆虫线粒体基因组碱基组成与进化速率高度异质性的特点,本研究比较分析了同质性模型和异质性模型下两种数据集的系统发育关系,得到的结果如下:(1)在同质性模型下,会产生系统误差:高AT含量和高进化速率的网蝽科与奇蝽次目、黾蝽次目、鞭蝽次目总聚为一支;而AT含量较低且进化速率较低的猎蝽科总与细蝽次目、蝎蝽次目构成姐妹群关系。(2)混合异质性模型下,能有效消除或降低系统误差,得到的异翅亚目昆虫的系统发育关系为:(黾蝽次目,鞭蝽次目,奇蝽次目)+(蝎蝽次目+(细蝽次目+(猎蝽科+(臭虫次目+蝽次目))))。我们的研究表明,利用线粒体基因组数据解决系统发育关系问题时,必须要检测数据集的碱基组成以及进化速率异质性等可能会造成系统误差的因素;今后在异翅亚目昆虫高级阶元系统发育关系的研究中要更注重增加细蝽、奇蝽、鞭蝽等类群的取样量。
[Abstract]:Heteroptera belongs to Hemiptera, Insecta. The present taxa is divided into 7 suborders, about 80 families and more than 40,000 species. The phylogenetic relationship of the higher rank of insect and natural enemies has long been controversial, especially the taxonomic status of stink bug, whip bug, strider bug, scorpion bug and fine bug. The monotropism of bedbugs has also been questioned. The mitochondrial genome of insects has been widely used in phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure. However, there are still many problems in studying the phylogenetic relationship of Heteroptera using mitochondrial genome data. For example, the results are easily influenced by the heterogeneity of the base composition and evolution rate of the mitochondrial genome. Improper selection of the analysis model will lead to systematic errors, and some groups such as the suborder of Verbena, the suborder of oddbugs and the lack of mitochondrial genome data of the suborder are lacking. This study aims at these problems, and further expands the sampling of species. The mitochondrial genome of 30 species of 30 species belonging to 15 families of 5 orders of Heteroptera was determined. A comparative analysis of the base composition, evolution rate and rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome of 130 species of Heteroptera was carried out. The main results are as follows: (1) there are significant heterogeneity in the composition and evolution rate of mitochondrial genome of Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, strider bug suborder. The Mitochondrial genomes of the order Paridophylla and the Stranglidae have higher AT content and evolution rate, while the order Pentatomidae is the second order of the order Pentatomidae. The AT content and evolution rate of Scorpio are both low. 2) A total of 7 types of gene rearrangements were found in 19 species of 7 families of Heteroptera. The gene shuffling downstream of ND4L gene occurred in 5 species of Miridae, showing a trend of accelerated genome rearrangement, which was found in Pentatomidae, Pentatomidae, Pentatomidae and Pentatomidae. The rearrangement of the family Rhizopteridae involves only RNA genes, and aims at the high heterogeneity of the composition and evolution rate of the mitochondrial genome of Heteropteris. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of the two data sets under homogeneity model and heterogeneity model are compared and analyzed. The results are as follows: 1) under homogeneity model. There are systematic errors: high AT content and high rate of evolution of Pentatomidae and Miridae, strider bug suborder, vermilion suborder total cluster into one; However, under the mixed heterogeneity model of the lower AT content and lower evolution rate, the system error can be effectively eliminated or reduced under the mixed heterogeneity model of Pentatomidae and suborders of Pentatomidae and suborder Sister. The phylogenetic relationships of Heteroptera are as follows: 1. The suborder of Scorpio (Pentatomidae). Our research shows that the phylogenetic problems can be solved by using mitochondrial genome data. The base composition of the data set and the heterogeneity of the evolution rate must be detected, which may cause the systematic error. In the future, more attention should be paid to increasing the sampling amount of stink bug, odd bug and vermin in the study of the phylogenetic relationship of the higher order of Heteroptera.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q963

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