中国拟层孔菌属及近缘属的分类与系统发育研究

发布时间：2018-01-12 01:14

本文关键词：中国拟层孔菌属及近缘属的分类与系统发育研究　出处：《北京林业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：拟层孔菌属(Fomitopsis)是世界广布的一个多孔菌类群；该属建立于19世纪晚期,主要引起木材的褐色腐朽,在森林生态系统中起到重要的降解还原作用。拟层孔菌属的近缘属包括迷孔菌属(Daedalea)和剥管孔菌属(Piptoporus)等。拟层孔菌属自建立以来,真菌学家们发现了许多该属的新种,并将其他属的一些种类也转移至该属,因此拟层孔菌属的分类特征不断增加。通过以往的系统发育研究发现,拟层孔菌属和剥管孔菌属并不是单源的,而且拟层孔菌属及其近缘属属间及属内种间的亲缘关系尚不明确。因此,开展拟层孔菌属及其近缘属的形态学及分子系统学研究具有重要的理论意义。本研究主要对本人和北京林业大学微生物研究所团队在近15年采集的拟层孔菌属及其近缘属真菌标本进行了形态学和系统发育学两方面的研究。系统发育学研究采用了编码核糖体内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)、核糖体大亚基(nuclear ribosomal large subunit,nLSU)、核糖体小亚基(nuclear ribosomal small subunit,nSSU)、线粒体小亚基(mitochondrial small subunit, mtSSU)、延伸因子la(the translation elongation factor 1-a,tefl)和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ第二大亚基(RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit,rpb2)的基因序列作为多分子标记,使用了最大似然法(ML),最大简约法(MP)及贝叶斯分析法(BI法)。多分子标记YTS+nLSU+rpb2和ITS+nLSU+nSSU+mtSSU+tef1+rpb2的系统发育研究显示：拟层孔菌属与其近缘属真菌聚类在antrodia clade中,并形成多个独立的subclades。广义拟层孔菌属的种类形成了6个支持率很高的subclades,分别是：狭义拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis sensu stricto)subclade、脆层孔菌(Fragifomes)subclade、白孔层孔菌(Niveoporofomes)subclade、红层孔菌(Rhodofomes)subclade、粉红层孔菌(Rubellofomes) subclade和蹄迷孔菌(Ungulidaedalea) subclade。迷孔菌属的种类聚集在一个单独的subclade里。广义剥管孔菌属(Piptoporus sensu lato)的种类形成了3个subclades,分别是：牛舌孔菌(Buglossoporus)subclade、小剥管孔菌(Piptoporellus) subclade和桦剥管孔(Piptoporus betulinus) subclade;而剥管孔菌属的模式种——桦剥管孔菌聚在了狭义拟层孔菌属这个subclade里,因此,剥管孔菌属被认为是拟层孔菌属的同物异名。基于上述研究建立了5个新属：脆层孔菌属Fragifomes、白孔层孔菌属Niveoporofomes、粉红层孔菌属Rubellofomes、小剥管孔菌属Piptoporellus和蹄迷孔菌属Ungulidaedalea。发现9个新种：桉牛舌孔菌(Buglossoporus eucalypticola)、香肠孢迷孔菌(Daedalea allantoided)、灰拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis cand)、亚热带拟层孔菌(F.subtropical)、海南小剥管孔菌(Piptoporellus hainanensis)、三角小剥管孔菌(Ptriqueter)、似浅肉色红层孔菌(Rhodofomes subfeei)、囊体粉红层孔菌(Rubellofomes cystidiatus)和脆蹄迷孔菌(Ungulidaedalea fragilis)。发现1个新记录种：灰红层孔菌(Rhodofomes incarnatus)。建立9个新组合：桦拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis betulina= Piptoporus betlinus)、白边脆层孔菌(Fragifomes niveomarginatus=Fomitopsis niveomarginata)、梭伦小剥管孔菌(Piptoporellus soloniensis=Piptoporus soloniensis)、粉红层孔菌(Rhodofomes cajanderi=Fomitopsis cajanderi)、灰红层孔菌(Rhodofomes incarnatus=Fomitopsis incarnata)、玫瑰红层孔菌(Rhodofomes rosea=Fomitopsis rosea)、似浅肉色红层孔菌(Rhodofomes subfeei=Fomitopsis subfeei)、囊体粉红层孔菌(Rubellofomes cystidiatus=Fomitopsis cystidiata)和脆蹄迷孔菌(Ungulidaedalea fragilis=Fomitopsis fragilis)。本研究详细地描述了中国24种拟层孔菌属及其近缘属真菌的宏观形态、微观形态、生境、分布等,并提供了子实体照片及显微结构图。研究得出的主要结论如下：1.狭义拟层孔菌属区别于其近缘属的主要特征是：担子果大部分无柄盖形,木栓质、韧质至木质,子实层孔状,菌肉白色至灰色或稻草色,菌丝系统二体系和担孢子圆柱形至椭圆形。2.该类群最适合的属间分类特征是：子实体的形状与质地、子实层形状、菌肉颜色、菌丝结构和担孢子形状；最适合的基因片段是：ITS和rpb2。3.生态习性,子实体的性状(颜色、有无皮壳、皮层、环纹、环沟、绒毛等),孔口(形状、大小),菌丝结构,骨架菌丝腔的宽窄,囊状体,拟囊状体,担孢子形态(形状、大小)等是非常重要的属内种间的区分特征。
[Abstract]:Fomitopsis (Fomitopsis) is a world wide distribution of porous bacteria group; the genus was established in late nineteenth Century, mainly caused by wood brown rot, in the forest ecosystem plays an important role in reducing degradation. Fomitopsis's relatives include daedalea (Daedalea) and stripping tube hole bacteria (Piptoporus). Fomitopsis since its establishment, the researchers have found many fungi of the genus and other species, some species of the genus are transferred to the genus, so the proposed classification characteristics Fomes is increasing. By previous phylogenetic studies found that the quasi Fomes and stripping tube hole genus is not monophyletic, and Fomitopsis and related genera and species genetic relationship is not clear. Therefore, to carry out Fomitopsis and related morphological and molecular system study has important theoretical meaning the meaning of this research. I mainly to the Beijing Forestry University and Institute of Microbiology team in Fomitopsis and related genera of fungi were studied in two aspects of morphological and phylogenetic collection of nearly 15 years. Phylogenetic studies using DNA encoding internal transcribed spacer (internal transcribed, spacer, ITS), nuclear ribosomal (large ribosomal subunit large subunit, nLSU), small ribosomal subunit (nuclear ribosomal small subunit, nSSU), mitochondrial small subunit (mitochondrial small, subunit, mtSSU), La (the translation elongation elongation factor factor, 1-A, TEFL) and RNA polymerase II second subunit (RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit, rpb2) gene sequences as molecular markers, using the maximum likelihood method (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bias analysis method (BI method). Many molecular markers YTS+nLSU+rpb2 and ITS+nLSU+nSSU+mtSSU+tef 1+rpb2 phylogenetic studies show: Fomitopsis and related genera of fungi in Antrodia clade cluster, and the formation of multiple independent subclades. type generalized quasi Fomes formed 6 to support the high rate of subclades, namely: special fungus (Fomitopsis sensu stricto) subclade. Brittle layer hole bacteria (Fragifomes subclade), white hole fungus (Niveoporofomes) subclade, red fungus (Rhodofomes) subclade, the pink layer hole bacteria (Rubellofomes) and subclade shoe confragosa (Ungulidaedalea) type subclade. daedalea gathered in a single subclade. The generalized stripping pipe hole bacteria (Piptoporus sensu lato) the type of form 3 subclades, namely: (Buglossoporus) subclade beef tongue fungus, small hole pipe stripping bacteria (Piptoporellus) and subclade (Piptoporus betulinus birch pore) subclade; while stripping the pipe hole of the genus model For birch tube hole bacteria gathered in narrow Fomitopsis this subclade, therefore, stripping tube hole is considered to be the genus Fomitopsis synonym. The study established 5 new genera based on crisp Fomes Fragifomes, white hole Fomes Niveoporofomes. Rubellofomes pink Fomes, small pipe stripping Piptoporellus and hoof confragosa fungus genus Ungulidaedalea. found 9 species: Eucalyptus fungus (Buglossoporus eucalypticola) beef tongue sausage, spore confragosa (Daedalea allantoided), grey fungus (Fomitopsis cand), subtropical fungus (F.subtropical). Hainan small pipe stripping fungus (Piptoporellus hainanensis), a small triangular pipe stripping hole bacteria (Ptriqueter), a shallow color red fungus (Rhodofomes subfeei), the bursa body pink layer hole bacteria (Rubellofomes cystidiatus) and crisp hoof confragosa (Ungulidaedalea fragilis). The discovery of 1 new records Ash: red fungus (Rhodofomes Incarnatus). The establishment of 9 new combinations: birch fungus (Fomitopsis betulina= Piptoporus betlinus), white fungus (Fragifomes niveomarginatus=Fomitopsis crisp niveomarginata), Solon small pipe stripping fungus (Piptoporellus soloniensis=Piptoporus soloniensis), the pink layer hole bacteria (Rhodofomes cajanderi=Fomitopsis cajanderi), grey red layer hole bacteria (Rhodofomes incarnatus=Fomitopsis incarnata), Rose Bengal (Rhodofomes rosea=Fomitopsis fungus rosea), like a shallow color red fungus (Rhodofomes subfeei=Fomitopsis subfeei), the bursa body pink layer hole bacteria (Rubellofomes cystidiatus=Fomitopsis cystidiata) and crisp hoof confragosa (Ungulidaedalea fragilis=Fomitopsis fragilis). In this study, a detailed description of the Chinese 24 kinds of Fomitopsis and macroscopic morphology, microscopic morphology of the genus of fungi, habitat, The distribution, and provides the fruiting photos and microstructure. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the narrow Fomitopsis differs from its relatives main character belongs to the basidioma most sessile cap, corky, tenacious to wood, hymenophore hole shaped, white fungus meat to gray or rice straw, hyphal system two system and basidiospore to cylindrical oval.2. the group the most suitable species classification is characterized in that the shape and texture of the fruiting bodies of hymenophore bacteria of meat color, shape, structure and shape of mycelium spores; gene fragment is the most suitable: ITS and rpb2.3. ecological habits. Fruiting traits (color, there is no hull, cortex, ring, ring groove, NAP), orifice (shape, size), width, hyphal structure, skeletal hyphae cavity cystidium, quasi cystidium, basidiospore morphology (shape, size) is a very important species the distinguishing features.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q949.32

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