枣叶脉序及其功能性状研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 14:39

  本文关键词： 枣 叶脉序 叶功能性状 环境响应 气候特征　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：叶脉序具有运输水分、养分和矿物质,以及支撑和保护叶片等重要的生物功能,它与叶片功能性状共同反映了植物对环境的适应性,在生态适应策略方面具有指示作用。枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)是原产我国的特有果树,在我国分布广泛。近年来,随着枣栽培区的不断变迁,尤其是“东枣西移”沙漠、戈壁枣区后,高光热资源和低降雨生境下,枣的生存环境发生了较大的变化。面向我国北方枣区,采集223份样品(其中枣品种188个、酸枣类型28个、过渡型7个),利用LEAF GUI叶脉序分析技术,测定了叶脉密度(VLA)、叶脉间距离(IVD)、环形结构(VAA)和节点数(Nodes)等叶脉序特征,以及单位质量最大净光合速率(Am)和叶片氮浓度(Nm)等叶片功能性状,建立了枣叶脉序—叶片功能性状关系模型,在较大尺度上研究了枣(含酸枣及其过渡型)叶脉序及其功能性状的变异,以及对不同枣区环境的响应和适应策略,对我国枣资源的利用以及远距离的引种具有重要意义。主要研究结果如下:1.选用陕晋黄土高原丘陵(黄河峡谷)枣区的104个样品,研究了枣、酸枣和过渡型叶脉序及其功能性状之间的差异性。结果表明,与枣相比,酸枣有较高的叶脉密度、环形结构、比叶重和叶寿命,说明具有较强的抗旱、耐瘠薄特性,以及较强的资源利用效率和保存能力。但酸枣需要更长的时间弥补其较高的建成消耗,并通过慢速的养分循环求得生存。与酸枣相比,枣有较高的单位质量最大净光合速率和叶片氮浓度,说明枣通过高效的光合速率在短时间内合成足够的有机物,具有较高的生物和经济产量。在叶片经济谱中,酸枣更趋向于比叶重高、氮含量低、光合能力弱、生长速度慢和叶寿命长的一端;而枣更趋向于比叶重低、氮含量高、光合能力强、生长速度快和叶寿命短的一端。枣和酸枣可以通过权衡叶脉序及其叶片功能性状的关系,采取不同的适应策略。并且,酸枣的生态幅比枣宽,表现出对有限的环境资源充分利用的生存机制。2.利用北方7省32枣区县的62年气象资料,选用各枣区县的代表品种共116个,研究了我国北方枣区气候因子对枣叶脉序的影响。结果表明,枣叶脉序随环境梯度变化。叶脉序指标与年均温度和年均降雨量相关性最强,温度和降水是影响枣叶脉序的主要气候因子。其中,枣叶脉密度与年均降雨量和年均温度呈负相关,它与各气候因子的相关性均高于其他叶脉序指标。枣叶脉密度对短期和长期的环境改变表现出不同的适应特征:一方面,枣叶脉密度对短期环境的改变不敏感,具有较高的遗传性和较低的可塑性;另一方面,在长期的进化过程中,枣叶脉密度为了适应生长地的不同气候条件,随气候因子发生梯度变化。说明枣的叶脉密度特征是对当地气候因子长期适应的结果,对短期的环境改变不敏感。用8个枣叶脉序指标,采用主成分和聚类分析方法,把我国北方枣区的枣品种分为三大类群,其结果正好与3个北方枣栽培区(黄河、海河中下游河流冲击土枣区;黄土高原丘陵枣区;甘肃、宁夏、新疆干旱地带河谷丘陵枣区)相一致。说明一个区域的枣叶脉序特征是枣品种对环境适应的结果,特别是叶脉密度和叶脉间距离,可做为指导枣品种引种的重要指标,即枣品种的叶脉序特征与引种地区原枣品种最接近时,更容易引种成功。3.同时,利用以上数据,研究了我国北方枣区气候因子(年均降雨量和年均温度)对枣叶片功能性状(比叶重、叶寿命、单位质量最大净光合速率和单位质量叶片氮浓度)的影响。结果表明,年均降雨量、年均温度和日照时数是影响叶片功能性状的关键因子,随着降雨量的减少和温度的降低,以及日照时数和日照百分率的增加,枣品种具有较高比叶重和叶寿命,以及较低净光合速率和叶片氮浓度。枣叶片功能性状与环境的关系不是单一的,其通过功能性状间的相互作用,共同决定枣品种对环境的适应性。枣品种叶片功能性状的差异更是它们长期适应环境的结果。4.针对新疆3个主栽品种骏枣(山西)、灰枣(河南)和七月鲜(陕西),研究了它们的叶脉序及其功能对新疆枣区环境的响应。结果表明,与原产地相比,3个主栽品种在新疆枣区(高光热资源、低降水)的叶脉密度显著升高,也进一步说明了枣叶脉密度特征是对长期环境变化适应的结果。而其节点数和叶脉宽度变异小、对环境不敏感。同时,比叶重、叶寿命、单位面积碳、氮同化效率显著提高。与原产地相比,3个枣品种平均单位面积最大净光合速率提高了约13.5%,单位面积叶片氮浓度提高了约14.2%。因此,新疆枣区有更为充足的光合同化物在叶(源)中合成,更好的诠释了同一品种果实在新疆枣区具有更高的产量和更好的品质。同时,较高的比叶重和叶脉密度是枣品种对干旱少雨环境的响应和适应,进一步说明,枣是能够适应沙漠环境的重要经济果树。
[Abstract]:Leaf venation with transport of water, nutrients and minerals, as well as supporting and protecting the blade and other important biological functions, and it reflects the common leaf functional traits of plant adaptability to the environment, to adapt to the indicative strategy in ecology. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an endemic fruit tree in China, widely distributed in China. In recent years, with the continuous changes of jujube cultivation area, especially the "Dong Zao West desert, Gobi jujube region, high light and heat resources and low rainfall habitats, has changed the living environment for jujube jujube in northern China, collect 223 samples (including 188 varieties of jujube. Wild type 28, type 7), transition technology using LEAF GUI analysis of leaf venation, vein density determination (VLA), the distance between the veins (IVD), ring structure (VAA) and the number of nodes (Nodes) and venation characteristics, and quality of the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Am) and Leaf nitrogen concentration (Nm) and leaf functional traits, established jujube leaf venation, leaf functional traits of the relational model, in the larger scale of jujube (including jujube and transitional type) variation of leaf venation and function traits, and the response to environment of different jujube region and adaptive strategies, has important significance for jujube resources in the use and long introduction. The main results are as follows: 1. selection of Shaanxi and Shanxi Loess Plateau (the Yellow River Valley) in a sample of 104 jujube varieties of jujube, jujube, difference between leaf venation and transitional type and functional traits. The results showed that compared with jujube, jujube has higher leaf density, ring the structure, specific leaf weight and leaf longevity, that has strong drought resistance, barren resistance characteristics, and strong efficiency of resource utilization and preservation ability. But the jujube takes longer to make up for the high construction cost, and through the slow breeding The cyclic survive. Compared with wild jujube, jujube has higher maximum net photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen per unit mass concentration, indicating the photosynthetic rate of jujube by high efficient synthesis of sufficient organic matter in a short period of time, has high biological and economic yield. In leaf economic spectrum, jujube leaf tended to be more than Zhonggao, low nitrogen content, photosynthetic ability is weak, slow growing leaves and long life end; and jujube tends to low weight ratio of leaf nitrogen content, high photosynthetic capacity, fast growth and short service life. One end of the leaves of Chinese jujube and wild jujube can weigh the leaf venation and leaf functional traits. Take different strategies. Moreover, the ecological amplitude of jujube jujube than wide, showing.2. survival mechanism to make full use of the limited environmental resources by 7 northern provinces 32 counties jujube 62 years of meteorological data, the selection of various representative varieties of jujube county a total of 116 studies in North China The effects of climate factors on jujube jujube leaf venation. The results showed that the leaf venation varies with environmental gradients. The leaf venation index and the average annual temperature and annual rainfall strongest correlation, temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting jujube leaf venation. The average annual rainfall and density of jujube leaf and annual average temperature was negatively correlated its relationship with the climate factors were higher than the other leaf venation index. Jujube vein density of short-term and long-term environmental changes showed different adaptation characteristics: on the one hand, is not sensitive to changes of jujube vein density on short-term environment, has inherited high and low plasticity; on the other hand, in evolution during the long process of jujube vein density in order to adapt to different climatic conditions of growth, the gradient changes with climate factors. That is characteristic of jujube vein density of long-term adaptation to local climate factors on short-term results The environmental change is not sensitive. In 8 jujube leaf venation index, using principal component analysis and cluster analysis method, the jujube jujube varieties in northern China are divided into three groups, and the results coincided with the 3 northern jujube cultivation area (the Yellow River, the Haihe River downstream river alluvial soil hilly jujube jujube region; loess area; Gansu Ningxia, Xinjiang plateau, arid zone Valley and hilly area) consistent. Jujube jujube leaf venation characteristic of a region is the jujube varieties to adapt to the environment, especially the distance between the veins and vein density, can be used as an important indicator of Jujube Varieties Introduction, namely jujube varieties of leaf venation characteristics and introduction area the original date varieties most close, more successful introduction of.3. at the same time, using the above data, the North China jujube region of climatic factors (annual average rainfall and annual average temperature) traits of jujube leaf function (specific leaf weight, leaf lifespan, maximum net photosynthetic rate and light quality unit The quality of leaf nitrogen concentration) effect. The results show that the average annual rainfall, annual average temperature and sunshine duration is a key factor influencing leaf functional traits, decreased with the decrease of precipitation and temperature, and the increase of sunshine hours and the percentage of sunshine, jujube has a high leaf weight and leaf longevity, and low net the photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration. The relationship between the function of jujube leaf traits and environment is not a single, through the interaction between functional traits, jointly determine the adaptability to the environment. Different varieties of jujube jujube leaf functional traits is more adapt to the environment and their long-term results of.4. in Xinjiang 3 cultivars of jujube (Shanxi), jujube (Henan) and July (Shaanxi), fresh research venation and their functions in response to the environment of Xinjiang jujube region. The results show that, compared with the origin, 3 cultivars of jujube in Xinjiang district (Gao Guangre Resources, low precipitation) the vein density increased significantly, to further explain the characteristics of jujube vein density is to adapt to the long-term environmental changes. And the number of nodes and leaf width variation, is not sensitive to the environment. At the same time, specific leaf weight, leaf lifespan, unit area carbon, nitrogen assimilation efficiency improved significantly. And the origin of compared with 3 cultivars per unit area of maximum net photosynthetic rate increased by about 13.5%, the leaf nitrogen concentration per unit area increased by about 14.2%. so there is Xinjiang jujube region more abundant photoassimilates in leaf (source) in synthesis, a better interpretation of the same fruit varieties with higher yield and better in Xinjiang jujube area quality. At the same time, higher specific leaf weight and leaf density of jujube varieties to drought and less rain in response to environment and to further illustrate, jujube is able to adapt to the desert environment of important fruit crops.

【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S665.1;Q944
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本文编号：1454944