滇西北地区水生子囊菌—无性型多样性及环境影响因子研究

发布时间：2018-01-26 05:45

  本文关键词： 水生真菌 多样性 分布格局 影响因子 系统学　出处：《昆明理工大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：水生真菌(Aquatic fungi)是一类特殊的生态类群,是指整个生活史或生活史的部分阶段依赖于水环境的真菌,具有丰富的多样性。水生真菌在水体有机物降解和水生生态系统营养循环中起着重要作用,主要是分解水体中植物残体、纤维素和木质素含量高的有机质,被水生动物取食而进入食物链。水生真菌的研究开始于1942年,截止2014年全球报道水生真菌3100多种,中国截止2013年报道969种。一直以来水生真菌研究多集中在物种多样性方面,而多样性及影响分布格局的环境因子相对较少,水生真菌在地球上的扩散机制尚无系统研究。本文对生物多样性热点区域之一的滇西北地区水生真菌物种组成、多样性特征、分布格局及影响分布格局的环境因子进行研究,同时发掘该地区的水生真菌新物种及具有潜在应用价值的菌种资源。为了解滇西北地区水生真菌群落结构、多样性特征和分布格局,本研究从独龙江、怒江、澜沧江、金沙江和苍山黑龙溪,采集沉水枯枝及水样,记录海拔、温度、经纬度、pH、植被等相关信息并通过多因子分析,获得滇西北地区水生真菌群落结构、分布格局与环境因子之间的关系。通过18S,28S和ITS序列分析,构建了部分物种系统发育树,与现有的分类体系相比,本系统更趋于自然分类系统。主要结果如下:1.本文采样点为澜沧江、怒江、金沙江、独龙江和苍山黑龙溪,通过对采集的1495份样品进行检查,共获得1502株菌株,保存干标本1502份,有效序列890条,目前提交60条序列到Genbank。经过形态学和分子系统学鉴定出水生子囊菌及无性型丝孢真菌167属337种,捕食线虫真菌4属,17种。由于篇幅有限,文中仅对86种水生真菌无性型进行了描述,并附有相应的形态图片。2.描述了 1 新科:Distoseptisporaceae;3新属:Neotorula、Distoseptispora.、Pseudosporidesmium.;14新种:Dendryphion aquaticum、D.submersum、Distoseptispora fluminicola、D.aquatica、Kirschsteiniothelia submerse、Neotorulaaquatica、Sporidesmium aquaticum、S.submersum、S.fluminicolum、Phragmocephala garethjonesii、Minimelanolocus asiaticus、M.aquaticus、M.melanicus 和 Lentithecium cangshanense,对 Curvularia、Phragmocephala、Dendryphion、Kirschsteiniothelia、Sporidesmium、Torula 和 Minimelanolocus部分真菌进行了描述,并配了最新的图版,建了系统发育树,根据分子数据及形态学特征比较了各个属内不同物种之间的典型特征。3.结合海拔、温度、经纬度、pH、植被等环境因子,通过指数模拟分析、多样性指数及相似性分析,结果表明与多样性相关性最为明显的是海拔和随海拔而变化的温度,在中低海拔水生真菌多样性最为丰富,随海拔升高到一定范围,多样性与海拔呈现负相关;由于采样地pH变化范围小,pH没有成为该地水生真菌分布的限制因子;低纬度地区的水生真菌多样性比高纬度地区高;由于所采集的腐木样品树皮已经脱落,无法鉴定到树种,因此植被和物种多样性之间的关系无法分析。4.本研究在沉水腐木上发现并纯化了大量捕食线虫真菌,之前仅有一种捕食线虫真菌被报道来自腐木,其余均来自陆地土壤。研究发现来自水体腐木的捕食线虫真菌一是生理特性发生了改变,如不产生捕食器官,二是同种的捕食线虫真菌形态如孢子形状、着生方式等发生了极大改变,表明沉水腐木上的捕食线虫真菌是进行起源进化研究的好材料。5.滇西北水生真菌的分布格局:高海拔地区多样性比低海拔低,在不同海拔形成不同的优势类群,西边低纬度河流的多样性比东部高纬度高;不同的河流有各自的特有种分布,世界广布属葚孢属Sporidesmium,在滇西北地区也分布广泛,除此之外,Minimelanolocus,Dactylaria,Ellisembia,Helicomyces,Periconia,Phaeoisaria,Sporidesmiella等在云南滇西北地区分布广泛,出现频率最高的是Minimelanolocus属的物种。独龙江多样性最高,其次是苍山黑龙溪,最低的是澜沧江,其次是金沙江。
[Abstract]:Aquatic fungi (Aquatic fungi) is a kind of special ecological groups, is that part of the life history stage or life history relies on the water environment of fungi, abundant diversity of aquatic fungi. In aquatic organic matter degradation and aquatic ecosystem nutrient cycling plays an important role in the decomposition of water, mainly in plants the residue of cellulose and lignin content of organic matter was high, aquatic animal feeding and enter the food chain of aquatic fungi. Beginning in 1942, by the end of 2014, global coverage of 3100 kinds of aquatic fungi, as of 2013 969. China reported a direct study focused on aquatic fungi species diversity, and diversity and effect of distribution pattern of environmental factors is relatively small, the diffusion mechanism of aquatic fungi on earth. There is no systematic research on the Northwest Yunnan aquatic fungi species on the biodiversity hotspots of the Composition, diversity characteristics, study on distribution pattern and environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern, at the same time to explore new species of aquatic fungi in the region and has the potential application value of strain resources. In order to understand the structure of aquatic fungi in the northwest region of Yunnan Province, the characteristics of diversity and distribution pattern, this study from Longjiang, Nu River, Lancang river. Jinsha River and Cangshan dragon Creek, submerged litter and water collection, record temperature, altitude, longitude, pH, vegetation and other relevant information and analysis through multiple factors, obtain the structure of aquatic fungi community in Northwest Yunnan, the relationship between the distribution pattern and environment factors. Through 18S, 28S and ITS sequence analysis, phylogenetic tree was constructed some species, compared with the existing classification system, this system is more natural classification system. The main results are as follows: 1. the sampling point for the Lancang River, Nu River, Jinsha River, Longjiang and Cangshan the only black dragon river, pass After inspection of the 1495 samples collected, received a total of 1502 strains were preserved dry specimens of 1502 copies, effective 890 sequences, 60 sequences currently submitted to Genbank. by morphological and molecular identification of effluent ascomycetes and anamorph hyphomycetes in 167 genera and 337 species of predatory insects, fungi belonging to 4 genera in 17 lines.. due to limited space, this paper only on 86 aquatic fungal anamorphs are described, together with the corresponding.2. form picture describes 1 new: Distoseptisporaceae; 3 new genera: Neotorula, Distoseptispora., Pseudosporidesmium.; 14 new species: Dendryphion aquaticum, D.submersum Distoseptispora, fluminicola, D.aquatica, Kirschsteiniothelia, submerse, Neotorulaaquatica, Sporidesmium, aquaticum S.submersum, S.fluminicolum, Phragmocephala, garethjonesii, Minimelanolocus, asiaticus, M.aquaticus, M.melanicus and Lentithecium cangshanens E, Curvularia, Phragmocephala, Dendryphion, Kirschsteiniothelia, Sporidesmium, Torula and Minimelanolocus of some fungi are described, and with the new chart, built a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data and morphological characteristics of the typical characteristics of.3. among different species within the genus with altitude, temperature, longitude, pH the environmental factors such as vegetation, through simulation analysis, index, diversity index and similarity analysis, results show that the relationship between diversity and altitude is the most obvious change with altitude and temperature in the low altitude aquatic fungi diversity is most abundant, with elevation to a certain extent, negatively related to diversity and altitude pH; because the sampling range is small, pH does not become limiting factor of the distribution of aquatic fungi; low latitude aquatic fungal diversity high latitudes due to mining; In the samples of rotten wood bark has fallen off, can not be identified to species, so the relationship between vegetation and species diversity of.4. cannot be analyzed in this study submerged on decaying wood found and purified a lot of nematode trapping fungi, before only a nematode trapping fungi have been reported from the rotten wood, the rest from the terrestrial soil. The study found that predation the water from the rotten wood nematode fungi is a change in physiological characteristics, such as do not produce trapping organs, two species of nematode trapping fungi spore forms such as shape, change a lot with the method, showed that the nematode trapping fungi submerged on decaying wood is the distribution pattern of.5. good material of origin and evolution of Northwest Yunnan aquatic fungi: high altitude diversity is lower than the low altitude, the formation of dominant species at different altitudes, the diversity of the low latitude West River is higher than that of the East River with high latitude; Flow is endemic to their distribution, widely distributed in the world is the most Sporidesmium sp., are widely distributed in the northwest region of Yunnan, in addition, Minimelanolocus, Dactylaria, Ellisembia, Helicomyces, Periconia, Phaeoisaria, Sporidesmiella etc. is widely distributed in the northwest of Yunnan, the highest frequency is Minimelanolocus. The only species diversity in Longjiang the highest, followed by Cangshan dragon Creek, Lancang river is the lowest, followed by the Jinsha River.

【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q938
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本文编号：1464843