代表性土壤跳虫适应三江平原环境的生理及行为生态研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 10:16

本文选题：土壤跳虫　切入点：白符跳　出处：《中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所)》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：湿地是生物圈中一个重要的生态系统类型,具有巨大的环境及生态价值。生态系统中生物多样性的水平决定了生态环境的稳定性,湿地生态系统的保护同样离不开生物多样性的维持。我国东北三江平原湿地一个重要的动物资源库,对维持湿地生态系统的稳定性具有重要的意义。然而,随着东北地区农田化脚步的加快,大面积湿地遭到垦殖,湿地面积急速减少,湿地生物多样性遭到了严重破坏。本文立足于三江平原湿地长期淹水及冬季漫长而寒冷的环境特点,通过对大豆田及湿地中三类代表性土壤跳虫种类——双原棘跳(Protaphorura bicampata)、沼泽红疣(Lobella sokamensis)及模式种类白符跳(Folsomia candida)的适应性研究,反证农田化后湿地环境变化在土壤跳虫多样性变化中的作用,从而为湿地生态系统生物多样性保护提供理论依据。综合湿地环境的特点及土壤跳虫的生活特性,本文以土壤跳虫的生物学、行为学及神经生理学为研究方法,对动物在湿地环境中的低温、水湿及动植物环境的适应性机制进行研究。温度适应性结果显示,农田中的优势种群,双原棘跳(P.bicampata)的最适生长发育温度为25℃,属于典型的温带适应性物种。其适应三江平原冬季低温的主要策略为冬眠,主要通过成体越冬而非卵越冬。在土壤对环境低温的缓冲作用下,冬季到来前双原棘跳可能利用垂直迁移及种群聚集为冬眠做准备。三江地区农田土壤温度回升快于湿地土壤。以成体休眠为越冬策略的棘跳能够在农田中更快的结束休眠而进入个体的生长发育繁殖期,为夏季营养及资源的争夺赢得了时间。这可能是引起双原棘跳种群在农田中大爆发的原因之一。双原棘跳显示了真土生无脊椎动物被动性地抵抗土壤低温环境的能力。其优势分布可能是真土生种类滞留的结果。沼泽红疣在水环境中的适应性研究中,开展了栖息地选择行为实验分析。动物对水环境的反应以斜坡实验为验证方法。研究结果显示,湿地环境中特异性分布种类沼泽红疣喜聚于干燥区域,并非依水性跳虫种类。行为学角度而言,水并非决定其栖息地选择的决定性因子。而沼泽红疣对湿地苔藓的选择性行为实验显示,动物对苔藓具有吸引行为,而且,其吸引行为的发生具有动物种类特异性。同时,暗箱实验、干苔藓与水分离实验及林地苔藓实验得到了相似的结果。结果表明,苔藓对沼泽红疣的吸引作用是由嗅觉信号决定的,普遍性地存在于苔藓种类之中。由此可见,沼泽红疣特异性分布决定于湿地苔藓的分布,吸引行为是由嗅觉信号诱导而发生的。水面行为观察发现,沼泽红疣具有水面僵直行为。根据僵直行为发生的特征,分析其可能与其他动物中发现的假死行为同源但不同工,是沼泽红疣高效的水面逃离行为。水环境适应性研究结果说明,沼泽红疣在湿地中特异性的分布是长期水环境适应的结果。液态水环境的水平流动及垂直波动均能够促进动物种群的扩散。水和苔藓在其生境选择中起到了同样重要的作用。考虑到此类群动物的嗅觉重要性,本文选择模式跳虫种类白符跳为研究材料,针对在种群构建及群落结构演变中具有重要意义的集群行为进行神经生理学及行为学研究。聚集行为研究设计了陷阱装置用以检验种内吸引作用。装置检测到白符跳具有明显的种内吸引行为,是有效的行为检验方法。白符跳(f.candida)嗅觉神经生理学及化学生态研究结果显示,跳虫的化学感受部位主要位于触角第三、四节。跳虫触角中的感器iii有三个神经元细胞的电冲动信号,与其他科学家报道的解剖学研究结果一致。与跳虫种内集群吸引行为相关的化学物质为其体表提取的脂肪酸混合成分。但脂肪酸并未诱导嗅觉感受器感器iii(organiii)的神经生理信号反应。感器iii(organiii)与聚集行为无关,但检测到苯乙醛(phenylacetaldhyde)、2-吡咯烷酮(2-pyrrolidinone)及苯甲醛(benzaldhyde)对感器iii(organiii)具有神经电信号反应及排斥行为,推测其可能是白符跳中的警戒性物质。感器iii的形态学特征与昆虫的锥形感器(coeloconicasensilla)相似,但功能不同。此结果可能意味低等无脊椎动物中存在新的嗅觉形成机制。综合本论文研究结果,说明季节性低温是三江地区农田化后土壤跳虫结构发生变化的重要因素之一,其中的真土生跳虫(双原棘跳,p.bicampata)更适应农田土壤环境而被选择。湿地植物的保护使得很多特异性种类(沼泽红疣,l.sokamensis)得以保存,直接影响湿地生态系统中无脊椎动物的多样性水平。三江平原湿地生物多样性的保护应充分考虑人类的农业活动和植物资源的破坏对动物的影响,化学生态学是土壤生物多样性研究中的有利工具。
[Abstract]:Wetland is an important ecosystem types in the biosphere, and the environment has great ecological value. Ecosystem biodiversity level determines the stability of the ecological environment, the protection of the wetland ecosystem also cannot do without maintaining biological diversity. Wetland in China northeast of the Sanjiang plain is an important animal resource. Is of great significance to maintain the stability of the wetland ecosystem. However, with the accelerated pace of northeast farmland, a large area of wetlands were reclaimed, wetland area decreased sharply, wetland biodiversity has been seriously damaged. This paper is based on the long-term flooding of wetlands in Sanjiang plain and long and cold winter environment characteristics, three types of soybean field and wetland in representative soil Collembola species -- double the original spine (Protaphorura bicampata), marsh jump (Lobella sokamensis) and red colobus model type white symbol jump (F Olsomia Candida) the study of adaptability, function of wetland environment changes in the changes of soil Collembola diversity in farmland contradiction, so as to provide theoretical basis for wetland biodiversity conservation. The life characteristics of comprehensive wetland environment and soil Collembola, based on biological soil Collembola, behavior and neurophysiology as research methods. The animal in the wetland environment in low temperature, humidity and water of animal and plant adaptation to environmental temperature adaptability mechanism. Results showed that the dominant species in the field, the original double spike jump (P.bicampata) the optimum growth temperature of 25 DEG C, belong to the temperate species typical. Its adaptability to the main strategy of low temperature in winter in Sanjiang plain for hibernation, mainly through adult winter rather than in soil buffering. Overwintering eggs on the environment under low temperature in winter, before the arrival of the original double jump may use the vertical migration of spine Shift and population aggregation prepare for hibernation. Sanjiang area soil temperature rise faster in the wetland soil. In adult dormant overwintering strategies for spike in the farmland can jump faster the end of dormancy into the individual growth and development of the breeding season, summer nutrition and resources to win the time. This may be one of the causes double the original population explosion in the spike jump in farmland. The original double spike showed the ability to jump really passive resistance to native invertebrate soil temperature environment. Its advantage is really native species distribution may be stranded results. Study on the adaptability of red colobus marsh in the aquatic environment, carried out the experimental analysis of behavior of animal habitat selection. The reaction to the water environment in the slope experiment to verify the method. The results showed that the distribution of specific types of red colobus swamp wetland environment in Xi Ju dry region, not in water for Collembola species. For terms, water is not the decisive factor of habitat selection. And selective behavior experiment of red colobus on moss swamp wetland, has attracted to animal behavior, and the behavior of the moss, attract specific animal species has occurred. At the same time, the black box experiment, dry moss and water separation experiments and Experimental Forest moss similar results. The results show that the attraction to Zhao Zehong moss wart is decided by olfactory signals, generally exist in the moss species. Thus, the distribution of Zhao Zehong distribution depends on the specific wart wetland moss, attracting behavior is induced by the olfactory signal occurred. The surface behavior observation found that the red colobus swamp the water has stiff behavior. According to the characteristics of rigid behavior, analysis of the behavior of suspended animation may find the homologous with other animal but different, is Zhao Zehong efficient wart The water escape behavior. The water environment adaptability study shows that the distribution of red colobus swamp in wetland specific long-term water environment adaptation results. Liquid water level and vertical flow fluctuations can accelerate the diffusion of animal populations. Water and moss play an equally important role in its habitat selection in consideration of. The importance of this group of animal smell, the white symbol jump type pattern of Collembola as research materials, the cluster behavior plays an important role in the construction of population and community structure in the evolution of neurophysiology and behavioral studies. Aggregation of the research and design of the trap device to test the intraspecific attraction. The device detects the white symbol with jump an obvious attraction behavior, behavior test methods. Bai Fu Hop (f.candida) olfactory neurophysiology and chemical ecology research results show that chemosensory springtails Located in the third, fourth antennal segment is III. The antenna springtails electrical impulses signal three neurons, and other scientists reported the anatomical research results are consistent. And within the cluster to attract springtails behavior of chemical substance related synthetic fatty acid extraction for the mixed surface. But did not induce fatty acid receptors the sensor III (organiii) neural physiological signal sensor response. III (organiii) has nothing to do with the aggregation behavior, but detected benzene acetaldehyde (phenylacetaldhyde), 2- pyrrolidone (2-pyrrolidinone) and benzaldehyde (benzaldhyde) on sensor III (organiii) with neural signal response and rejection behavior, suggesting that it may be is the white symbol jump in the cautionary material. Cone morphology and insect sensor III sensor (coeloconicasensilla) is similar, but different functions. This result may exist that no new low vertebrates. The smell of the formation mechanism of comprehensive research results of this thesis, described the seasonal low temperature is one of the important factors of soil Collembola structure of farmland in Sanjiang area, the true native springtails (double the original spike jump, p.bicampata) is more suitable for farmland soil environment is selected. The wet plant protection makes many of the specific species (the swamp red colobus, l.sokamensis) is preserved, directly affect the level of diversity of invertebrates in wetland ecosystem. To protect the diversity of Sanjiang plain wetland organisms should fully consider the influence of human agricultural activities and plant resources damage to the animal, chemical ecology is a favorable tool for soil biodiversity research.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X171.1

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