长江上游15种常见鱼类体内5种重金属含量及水体镉暴露对南方鲇生态毒理学效应

发布时间：2018-06-27 10:49

  本文选题：重金属污染 + 长江　； 参考：《西南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：为了研究长江上游鱼类体内重金属污染状况以及重金属暴露对鱼类的生态毒理影响,本研究进行了野外调查研究(实验1、2)和实验室处理研究(实验3)。实验1:于2012-2014年的3-6和9-11月,在三峡库区万州江段采集了11种鱼类样本,分别为南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、鲇(Silurus asotus)、高体近红泭(Ancherythroculter kurematsui)、鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)、凹尾拟溈(Pseudobagrus emarginatus)、胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)、拟尖头泭(Culter oxycephaloides)和大眼鳜(Siniperca knerii);在长江干流朱杨江段采集4种鱼类样本,分别为南方鲇、瓦氏黄颡鱼、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)和鲤;在沱江富顺江段采集5种鱼类样本,分别为大眼鳜、鲇、大鳍溹(Hemibagrus macropterus)、鲫和鲤;在金沙江攀枝花江段采集7种鱼类样本,分别为长薄鳅、圆口铜鱼、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)、鲇、鲤、鲫和圆筒吻泩(Rhinogobio cylindricus)。每种鱼类的样本量为3-23尾,共计307尾。采用微波消解和原子吸收光谱法测定了鱼体肌肉中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)和汞(Hg)的含量以及全鱼中Pb、Cr和Cd的含量。实验2:在长江干流朱杨江段采集了南方鲇(10尾)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(15尾)、圆口铜鱼(17尾)和鲤(23尾)采用微波消解和原子吸收光谱法测定了鱼体肝脏/肝胰脏、肾脏、胃肠道、鳃、骨骼、肌肉、皮肤或鳞中Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的含量。实验3:在温度为27.5℃,水体硬度为25 mg Ca CO3/L条件下,以南方鲇为研究对象(该种鱼在野外调查研究发现有较高的Cd含量,且该种鱼在长江上游水生生态系统处于食物链的顶端),以Cd Cl2为毒物,设置水体Cd浓度为:0(对照组)、62.5、125、250和500μg/L 5个浓度组,每天以体重2%日粮水平投喂8周后,测定了实验鱼生长、抗氧化、能量代谢和体内Cd积累等方面的指标。本研究取得的主要结果如下:1、三峡库区万州江段11种鱼类的全鱼平均Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为46.32-220.60μg/kg、41.39-125.12μg/kg和14.57-167.67μg/kg。在这11种鱼类中,长薄鳅全鱼Pb、Cr和Cd含量均最高。这11种鱼类肌肉Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg含量分别为12.28-89.39μg/kg、24.10-75.44μg/kg、0.95-44.28μg/kg、24.97-84.34μg/kg和ND-108.10μg/kg。在这11种鱼类中,长薄鳅肌肉Pb、Cr、Cd、As含量最高,凹尾拟溈肌肉Hg含量最高。2、长江干流朱杨江段4种鱼类全鱼的平均Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为30.78-155.98μg/kg、37.49-62.44μg/kg和16.66-20.37μg/kg。在这4种鱼类中,鲤全鱼中Pb和Cr含量最高,南方鲇全鱼中Cd含量最高。这4种鱼类肌肉Pb、Cr、Cd和As含量分别为14.76-52.69μg/kg、35.77-47.92μg/kg、1.01-2.48μg/kg和23.53-33.61μg/kg。在这4种鱼类中,鲤鱼肌肉中Pb、Cr和As含量均最高,圆口铜鱼肌肉中Cd最高。这4种鱼类的肌肉Hg含量均低于检测限。3、沱江富顺江段5种鱼类的全鱼平均Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为54.41-113.44μg/kg、65.50-121.02μg/kg和13.22-25.16μg/kg。在这5种鱼类中,鲫全鱼中Pb含量最高,大鳍溹全鱼Cr和Cd含量最高。这5种鱼类肌肉Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg含量分别为30.53-47.28μg/kg、35.60-85.31μg/kg、1.74-3.26μg/kg、25.82-44.96μg/kg和ND-72.81μg/kg。在这5种鱼类中,鲫肌肉中Pb、Cd和As含量最高,大鳍溹肌肉中Cr和Hg最高。4、金沙江攀枝花江段7种鱼类的全鱼平均Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为61.47-378.91μg/kg、73.50-130.76μg/kg和18.45-214.28μg/kg。在这7种鱼类中,长薄鳅全鱼有最高的Pb、Cr和Cd含量。这7种鱼类肌肉Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg含量分别为37.10-109.56μg/kg、44.97-78.41μg/kg、2.92-40.79μg/kg、27.20-69.07μg/kg和ND-72.19μg/kg,长薄鳅肌肉有最高的Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg含量。5、Pb在朱杨江段4种鱼不同组织含量为14.76-615.61μg/kg,鱼体骨骼和鳞片中Pb含量最高,肌肉中Pb含量最低。Cr在朱杨江段4种鱼不同组织含量为27.03-248.20μg/kg;除圆口铜鱼外,鱼体肌肉中Cr含量最低,胃肠道中Cr含量最高。Cd在朱杨江段4种鱼不同组织含量为1.01-502.02μg/kg,鱼体肾脏中Cd含量最高,肌肉中Cd含量最低。As在朱杨江段4种鱼不同组织含量为19.77-84.42μg/kg,鱼体胃肠道中As含量最高,这4种鱼类各组织器官的Hg含量均低于检测限。6、实验鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏和肠组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量均随着水体Cd暴露浓度增加表现为升高趋势。实验鱼鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随着水体Cd暴露浓度升高而降低。肠组织中T-AOC、CAT和GSH随着水体Cd暴露浓度升高变化不显著。7、实验鱼的静止代谢率随着水体中Cd浓度增加而先升高后降低,62.5、125和250μg Cd/L暴露组实验鱼的静止代谢率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),500μg Cd/L暴露组实验鱼的静止代率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。8、随着水体Cd浓度升高,实验鱼的特殊动力作用(SDA)耗能和SDA系数呈下降趋势,250和500μg Cd/L实验组实验鱼的SDA耗能和SDA系数均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。9、实验鱼体的肝脏线粒体状态3呼吸率随着水体中Cd暴露浓度升高而降低,当水体Cd浓度大于125μg Cd/L组时,实验鱼体的肝脏线粒体状态3呼吸显著低于对照组(P0.05)。10、实验鱼体的肌肉谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性随着水体Cd暴露浓度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,125μg Cd/L、250μg Cd/L和500μg Cd/L暴露组肌肉ALT活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),125μg Cd/L和250μg Cd/L暴露组肌肉AST活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验鱼体的肝脏AST活性随着水体Cd暴露浓度增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,但仅在250μg Cd/L暴露组时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。11、实验鱼体的肌肉和肝脏蛋白质的含量随着水体Cd浓度升高而降低,各Cd浓度暴露组鱼体肌肉蛋白质的含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),250μg Cd/L和500μg Cd/L组实验鱼肝脏中蛋白质含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。实验鱼的肝糖原含量随着水体Cd浓度升高而降低,250μg Cd/L和500μg Cd/L组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。实验鱼体的肝脏葡萄糖含量随着水体Cd浓度升高表现出升高的趋势,500μg Cd/L组均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。12、实验鱼的体重和特定体重生长率(SGR)均随着水体Cd的浓度的升高呈下降趋势,250μg Cd/L和500μg Cd/L组鱼的体重和SGR均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。实验鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和能量密度随着水体Cd浓度升高而降低,当水体Cd浓度大于等于250μg/L时,鱼体粗蛋白含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),当水体Cd浓度大于等于125μg/L时,鱼体粗脂肪含量和能量密度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。13、实验鱼摄入饲料总量、饲料效率、表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率均随着水体Cd浓度的升高呈下降趋势,各Cd浓度暴露组实验鱼摄入饲料总量和饲料效率均显著低于对照组(P0.05);250μg Cd/L和500μg Cd/L暴露组实验鱼的表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。14、实验鱼生长能随着水体Cd暴露浓度升高而降低,各Cd暴露组实验鱼的生长能均显著低于对照组(P0.05);各Cd暴露组实验鱼的标准代谢能均显著高于对照组(P0.05);250和500μg Cd/L实验组实验鱼的特殊动力作用(SDA)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);250和500μg Cd/L暴露组实验组实验鱼的排粪能(F)均显著高于对照组(P0.05);各Cd暴露组实验鱼的排泄能均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。通过讨论本研究提出以下结论:1、三峡库区万州江段、长江干流朱杨江段、沱江富顺江段和金沙江攀枝花江段鱼类受到Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg不同程度的污染,其鱼类体内肌肉中Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的含量低于中国食物安全标准和欧盟食品安全标准。2、重金属在鱼体的积累存在显著的组织间差异,Pb累积的主要靶器官是骨骼和鳞,Cd累积的主要靶器官是肾脏和肝脏,Cr和As累积的主要靶器官是胃肠道。鱼体肌肉金属积累量低于其它组织,其重金属含量不宜用来作为判定环境重金属污染程度及其对鱼体影响的种间差异的指标。3、水体Cd暴露会导致鱼体组织氧化损伤,干扰鱼体抗氧化系统。鳃对水体Cd暴露氧化损伤最为敏感,其次是肝和肾,肠是最不敏感组织。鱼体提高或维持机体的总抗氧化能力,并不能完全阻止Cd对鱼体组织的氧化损伤。4、在一定Cd浓度胁迫条件下,南方鲇可以通过生理调节,提高静止代谢水平,动用身体储备的能量物质,以满足机体应对Cd胁迫的所需的额外能量需求。5、南方鲇经水体Cd暴露后,降低蛋白质消化率引起南方鲇SDA耗能和SDA耗能系数降低。6、水体Cd暴露后,南方鲇排泄能和排粪能的占比增加,导致吸收的同化能减少,而同化能中,用于代谢能量占比增加,而用于生长的能量占比降低。
[Abstract]:In order to study the pollution of heavy metals in fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the ecotoxicological effects of heavy metal exposure on fish, field investigation (Experiment 1,2) and laboratory treatment (Experiment 3) were conducted in this study. In the 3-6 and 9-11 months of 2012-2014 years, 11 species of fish were collected in the Wanzhou river section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, respectively, south of the south of the Yangtze River. Silurus (Silurus meridionalis), Leptobotia elongata, catfish (Silurus asotus), high body near red (Ancherythroculter kurematsui), crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus), carp (Cyprinus), vagri Pelteobagrus vagri, cochineal Culter oxycephaloides and Siniperca knerii, 4 species of fish samples collected in the Yangtze River main stream Zhu Yang River, including southern catfish, vagri Pelteobagrus, Coreius guichenoti and carp, and 5 species of fish samples collected in the Fushun river section of Tuojiang River, which are the big eye, Silurus, Hemibagrus macropterus, crucian carp and carp. 7 kinds of fish samples were collected from the Panzhihua river section of the Shajiang River, including Pelteobagrus nitidus, Silurus, carp, carp, and Rhinogobio cylindricus. The sample size of each fish was 3-23, which was 307. By microwave digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry, lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (CD) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd), the content of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) and the content of Pb, Cr and Cd in the whole fish. Experimental 2: collected Southern Catfish (10 tails), vagri catfish (15 tail), round mouth copper fish (17 tail) and carp (23 tail) by microwave digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry to determine fish liver / liver and pancreas, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, gill, skeletal, muscle, skin or skin. The content of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in the scale. The experimental 3: at the temperature of 27.5 C and the water hardness of 25 mg Ca CO3/L (25 mg Ca CO3/L) was used as the research object (the fish in the field investigation found that there was a higher Cd content, and the aquatic ecosystem in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was at the top of the food chain), and the Cd Cl2 was used as the poison, and the concentration of the water body was 0. (control group), 62.5125250 and 500 g/L concentration groups, daily weight 2% diet feeding 8 weeks after feeding, the experimental fish growth, antioxidant, energy metabolism and Cd accumulation in the body were measured. The main results of this study are as follows: 1, the average Pb, Cr and Cd content of 11 fish in the Wanzhou river section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area are 46.32-220 Among the 11 fishes, the content of Pb, Cr and Cd is the highest among the 11 species of fish, such as Pb, Cr and Cd in the 11 species of fish. The 11 kinds of fish muscles Pb, Cr, Cd, etc. The highest content of Hg is.2, and the average Pb, Cr and Cd content of 4 species of fish in the Yangtze River main stream are 30.78-155.98 g/kg, 37.49-62.44 and 16.66-20.37 um g/kg. are the highest in the 4 species of fish, the highest in the whole fish of the southern catfish. These 4 kinds of fish muscles The amount of 14.76-52.69 mu g/kg, 35.77-47.92 mu g/kg, 1.01-2.48, g/kg and 23.53-33.61 mu g/kg. in these 4 species of fish, the content of Pb, Cr and As in the muscle of carp is the highest, and the 4 fish muscles are lower than the detection limit, and the average of 5 species of fish in the Tuojiang River section of the Fushun river is 54.41. Among the 5 species of fish, the content of Pb is the highest in the 5 species of fish, and the content of Cr and Cd is the highest in the whole fish of the Carassius auratus. The 5 kinds of fish muscles are Pb, Cr, Cd, and the crucian carp muscles are the 5 species of fish, crucian carp muscle. The content of Pb, Cd and As in meat is the highest, and the highest Cr and Hg.4 in the muscle of the large fins. The average Pb, Cr and Cd contents of 7 species of fish in the Panzhihua river section of the Jinsha River are 61.47-378.91 u g/kg. The contents of 4 kinds of fish were the highest in 4 kinds of fish in the Zhu Yang river section, and the highest content in the bones and scales of the fish body, and the lowest content in the muscles of 4 in the Zhu Yang river section. The content of different tissues of the seed fish is 27.03-248.20 mu g/kg, except for the round mouth copper fish, the content of Cr in the fish body is the lowest, the highest Cr content in the gastrointestinal tract is.Cd, the content of the 4 kinds of fish in the Zhu Yang River is 1.01-502.02 g/kg, the content of Cd in the fish kidney is the highest, the Cd content in the muscle is the lowest in the Zhu Yang section, and the content of the 4 kinds of fish in the Zhu Yang section is 19.77-84.42 g/. Kg, the content of As in the gastrointestinal tract of fish is the highest. The Hg content of all 4 kinds of fish tissues and organs is lower than the detection limit of.6. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the experimental fish gills, liver, kidney and intestinal tissue increases with the increase of Cd exposure concentration. The experimental fish gills, the total antioxidant capacity of liver and kidney tissues (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (superoxide dismutase) (SOD) SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content decreased with the increase of the concentration of Cd exposure in the water body. The T-AOC, CAT and GSH in the intestinal tissue did not change significantly with the increase of Cd exposure concentration in the water body. The resting metabolic rate of the experimental fish increased first and then decreased with the increase of Cd concentration in the water body. The resting metabolic rate of the 62.5125 and 250 micron g Cd/L exposed groups were both significant. Compared with the control group (P0.05), the static rate of the experimental fish in the 500 g Cd/L exposure group was not significantly different from the control group (P0.05).8. With the increase of the concentration of Cd in the water body, the energy consumption and SDA coefficient of the special dynamic action (SDA) of the experimental fish decreased. The SDA energy consumption and the SDA coefficient of the experimental fish in the 250 and 500 micron Cd/L experimental groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. The 3 respiration rate of the liver mitochondria 3 of the fish was decreased with the increase of the concentration of Cd exposure in the water body. When the concentration of Cd in the water body was greater than the 125 g Cd/L group, the mitochondrial state of the experimental fish was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05).10. The activity of the muscle glutamic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the transaminase (AST) of the experimental fish body was concentrated with the concentration of Cd in the water body. The activity of muscle ALT in 125 mu g Cd/L, 250 mu g Cd/L and 500 mu g Cd/L exposed group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05). The activity of the muscle activity of the 125 micron Cd/L and 250 micron g Cd/L exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The trend of higher after reduction was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05).11 only in the 250 g Cd/L exposure group. The content of protein in the muscle and liver of the experimental fish decreased with the increase of the concentration of Cd in the water body. The content of fish muscle protein in each Cd concentration exposed group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), the 250 mu g Cd/L and the 500 mu g Cd/L group were in the fish liver. The content of protein was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05). The liver glycogen content of experimental fish decreased with the increase of water Cd concentration. The 250 u g Cd/L and 500 g Cd/L groups were significantly lower than the control group (P0.05). The liver glucose content of the experimental fish showed a rising trend with the increase of the concentration of Cd in the water body, and the 500 mu g Cd/L group was significantly higher than the control group (P0.). 05).12, the body weight and the specific weight growth rate (SGR) of the experimental fish decreased with the increase of the concentration of Cd in the water body. The weight and SGR of the 250 g Cd/L and 500 mu g Cd/L groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P0.05). At 250 g/L, the crude protein content of fish was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05). When the concentration of Cd in the water body was greater than 125 g/L, the crude fat content and energy density of the fish body were significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05).13. The total amount of feed intake, the feed efficiency, the apparent digestibility and the apparent digestibility of protein decreased with the increase of the concentration of Cd in the water body. The total intake and feed efficiency of the experimental fish in the Cd concentration exposure group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05). The apparent digestibility and apparent digestibility of the experimental fish in 250 mu g Cd/L and 500 mu g Cd/L exposed groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P0.05).14, and the experimental fish growth could decrease with the increase of Cd exposure concentration in the water body, and each Cd exposure group was exposed. The growth energy of the experimental fish was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), and the standard metabolic energy of the experimental fish in the Cd exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05), and the special dynamic action (SDA) of the experimental fish in the 250 and 500 G Cd/L experimental groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), and the fecal ability (F) of the experimental fish in the 250 and 500 micron Cd/L exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Group (P0.05); the excretory ability of experimental fish in the Cd exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05). Through the discussion, the following conclusions were put forward: 1, the Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges reservoir, the Zhu Yang river section of the Yangtze River, the Fushun section of the Tuojiang River and the Panzhihua section of the Jinsha River are polluted by Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in different degrees, and Pb, Cr, Cd, A in the muscles of the fish. The content of S and Hg is lower than the Chinese food safety standard and the EU food safety standard.2. There are significant differences in the accumulation of heavy metals in the fish body. The main target organs for the accumulation of Pb are bone and scale. The main target organ of Cd is the kidney and liver, and the main target organ of Cr and As is the gastrointestinal tract. The accumulation of metal metal is lower than that of the fish body. The heavy metal content of other tissues should not be used as an indicator of the difference between the pollution degree of heavy metals in the environment and the difference between species on the fish body. The exposure of water body Cd will lead to oxidative damage of the body tissue of the fish and interfere with the antioxidant system of the fish body. The gill is the most sensitive to the oxidative damage of Cd exposure in the water body, followed by the liver and kidney, and the most insensitive tissue in the intestine. The increase or maintenance of the total antioxidant capacity of the body does not completely prevent the oxidative damage of Cd to the body tissue of the body.4. Under certain Cd stress conditions, southern catfish can improve the level of static metabolism by physiological regulation and use the energy material stored in the body to meet the additional energy demand required by the body to cope with Cd stress,.5, Southern Catfish After exposure to Cd, the reduction of protein digestibility caused the energy dissipation and SDA energy dissipation coefficient of southern catfish to decrease.6. After Cd exposure, the ratio of excretory energy and excretion energy in southern catfish increased, resulting in reduced assimilation energy, while assimilation energy was used for the increase of metabolic energy ratio, while the energy ratio used in growth was reduced.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X171.5;X52;S917.4
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本文编号：2073674