东北豆科植物形态学及系统学研究

发布时间：2018-11-28 14:03

【摘要】：本文以东北豆科植物为研究对象,应用石蜡切片、半薄切片及方法,研究了叶、果实、种子及种苗的形态及解剖结构,并利用序列构建东北豆科的系统发育树,其主要结果如下。1.叶:东北豆科植物多为复叶,托叶披针形、半箭头形,草质或干膜质。小叶卵形或椭圆形,表面常具单细胞非腺毛,花木蓝及黄耆属一些物种具丁状毛,菜豆族、野豌豆族等一些物种具头状腺毛,甘草属具鳞片状腺毛。表皮细胞垂周壁弓形或波形,气孔无规则型、不等型及平列型。叶柄横切面为圆形、心形、戟形或弧形,维管组织连续排列或具、至多个散生维管束。托叶质地、毛状体类型、主要气孔类型等特征在属内种间一致,可作为属的分类依据。2.果实:果实均为荚果,卵形、圆筒形或镰刀形,淡黄色、褐色至黑色。果皮革质或膜质,分为外果皮、中果皮(具维管束)及内果皮(具纤维或石细胞),开裂的果皮在缝线处具分离组织。槐及补骨脂果皮为胶质,不开裂。荚果室,内具一至多粒种子,含羞草及岩黄耆属果实在种子间分节。果实形状、果皮质地、具种子数及果实分节等特征的差异对属及种的分类具有一定的价值。3.种子:含羞草种子胚形成过程中具胚柄及胚根鞘。种皮由外珠被发育而成,成熟种皮分为栅栏层(或具明线)、柱状细胞层及海绵状细胞层。多数物种的种子为肾形,也有卵形、球形,表面光滑,有的具破裂线或侧生环。种脐位于种子侧面,极少位于顶端,圆点状、圆形、椭圆形及线形。种子内无胚乳或具薄胚乳,少见厚的胚乳。胚根轴多为弯曲,极少直立,这些特征可作为亚科、族及属的划分依据。4.种苗:含羞草种子萌发过程中,胚根鞘破裂后脱落,胚根伸长形成根系,子叶出土萌发,上胚轴伸长。种苗外部形态上分为根下胚轴子叶和上胚轴苗两个部分。含羞草子叶出土后可进行光合作用,而苦参子叶留土萌发,只具贮藏营养的功能。依据子叶萌发类型、上胚轴是否伸长、前两叶叶型等形态特征,将东北豆科植物种苗分为种类型。多数属内种苗类型一致,也有一些属内(如黄耆属、甘草属)不止一种,可将其作为属及种的划分依据。5.系统学:基于形态特征与分子数据的分析结果均表明山羊豆族与岩黄耆族关系密切,而车轴草族与野豌豆族关系更近。山羊豆族的黄耆属与棘豆属亲缘关系最近,锦鸡儿属与米口袋属靠近岩黄耆属,而甘草属应从山羊豆族中分出。车轴草族为复系类群,其中苜蓿属与草木犀属关系密切,而车轴草属成为同族剩余属与野豌豆族的基础类群。野豌豆族为单系类群,与野豌豆属相比,豌豆属与山黧豆属亲缘关系更近。本研究系统地揭示了东北豆科植物的形态特征,进一步完善了豆科植物形态学,证实了这些形态特征在东北豆科系统学研究中的价值,为豆科类群间划分提供了参考依据。并结合分子方法探讨了东北豆科系统学,为深入研究豆科系统发育提供了佐证。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the morphology and anatomical structure of leaves, fruits, seeds and seedlings were studied by paraffin section, semi-thin section and method. The phylogenetic tree of the family Leguminosae in Northeast China was constructed by sequence analysis. The main results are as follows. 1. Leaves: northeast legumes are mostly compound leaves, stipules lanceolate, semi-arrowhead, herbaceous or dry membranous. The leaves are ovate or elliptical, with single cell non-glandular hairs on the surface, Bud hairs on some species of the genus Astragalus, rapeseed, pea, and some species of Glycyrrhiza have scaly glandular hairs. The vertical wall of epidermal cells is arcuate or wavy, stomata are irregular, unequal and flat. The transverse section of petiole is circular, heart-shaped, halberd or arcuate, vascular tissue is arranged continuously or with multiple loose vascular bundles. The characteristics of stipules such as texture of stipules, hairy body types and main stomatal types are consistent among species, and can be used as the taxonomic basis of genus. 2. Fruit: fruit is pods, ovate, cylindrical or sickle-shaped, yellowish, brown to black. Pericarp leathery or membranous, divided into exocarp, mesocarp (with vascular bundle) and endocarp (with fibrous or stone cells), cracked pericarp with separate tissue at suture. The peel of Sophora acacia and psoralen is colloidal and does not crack. Pod chamber with at most one seed, Mimosa and Astragalus fruit in interseed nodes. The differences of fruit shape, pericarp texture, seed number and fruit node are valuable for the classification of genera and species. Seeds: the process of embryo formation of Mimosa seeds with embryo stipe and coleoptile. The mature seed coat is divided into palisade layer (or with clear line), columnar cell layer and spongy cell layer. The seeds of most species are reniform, ovoid, globose, smooth, and some have ruptured lines or lateral rings. The hilum is located on the lateral side of the seed, rarely at the top, with dots, orbicular, elliptic and linear. Endosperm absent or with thin endosperm within seeds, rarely thick endosperm. The radicle axis is mostly curved and rarely erect. These characteristics can be used as the basis for the division of subfamilies, families and genera. 4. Seedling: during the germination of Mimosa seeds, the coleoptile breaks off, the radicle elongates to form the root system, the cotyledon is unearthed to germinate, and the epicotyl is elongated. The outside of seed seedling is divided into two parts: cotyledons of root Hypocotyl and seedlings of Hypocotyl. When the cotyledon of Mimosa is unearthed, photosynthesis can be carried out, while the leaves of Sophora flavescens leave soil to germinate and have only the function of storage and nutrition. According to the morphological characteristics of cotyledon germination, whether the epicotyl is elongated or not and the leaf type of the first two leaves, the seedlings of legumes in Northeast China are divided into seed types. Most genera have the same seedling types, and some genera (such as Astragalus, Glycyrrhiza) have more than one species, which can be used as the basis for the classification of genera and species. 5. Phylogeny: based on the morphological characteristics and molecular data, the results showed that the relationship between the Goat and the Astragalus was very close, while the relationship between the Astragalus and the Pea was closer. The genus Astragalus is closely related to the genus Spanderia, the genus Caragana is close to the genus Astragalus, and the genus Glycyrrhiza should be separated from the family of Goat. There is a close relationship between the genus Alfalfa and the genus Rhizoctonia, while the genus Cycloderma is the basic group of the remaining genus of the same family and the family of pea. The pea family is a monophyletic group and is more closely related to the genus Lathyrus than that of the genus Phyllostoma. This study systematically revealed the morphological characteristics of the Northeast Leguminosae, further improved the morphology of the Leguminosae, confirmed the value of these morphological characteristics in the study of the Northeast Leguminosae systematics, and provided a reference basis for the division of the Leguminosae groups. The phylogeny of Leguminosae in Northeast China was discussed by molecular method, which provided evidence for further study on the phylogeny of Leguminosae.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q944;Q949

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