明清江苏沿海盐作地理与人地关系变迁

发布时间：2018-04-02 03:39

本文选题：海岸带　切入点：环境变迁　出处：《复旦大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：海岸带(coastal zone)是陆海交互作用过渡地带,历史时期江苏海岸带是观察地理环境变化与人类活动变化的典型区域,江苏滨海平原在数百年内快速淤涨形成,今天仍然拥有全国甚至全球范围内面积最大的潮滩,明清时期区域内存在长期盐作、农作活动,剧烈的地理环境变化与多样的人类活动变迁,巨变的地理舞台、丰富的人文大戏,对讨论历史时期陆海交互作用以及人地关系具有重要学术意义。本文以明清两淮盐作与环境的关系为研究出发点。以往两淮盐业经济研究中,对生产环节关注甚少,缺乏盐作与环境关系讨论,而传统时代盐作活动与环境变化关系密切,特别是在明清时期黄河南徙、海涂快速淤涨的背景下,环境变迁到底对盐作活动产生什么样的影响,以往学界并没有深入开展讨论。笔者通过现代模拟与历史文献结合,尝试复原明清盐作环境变迁特点与两淮盐作生态基本面貌,对明清淮盐经济兴衰过程、盐作与环境的关系进行了重新梳理。在此基础上,进一步讨论了盐、垦、渔等人类活动与环境变化的相互关系,试图深化对海岸带区域人地关系变迁的认识。明清时期,江苏海岸带在苏北沿海呈现长期的淤涨过程,生态环境在海涂要素演替规律作用下,也表现为一定规律性的变迁。地理环境变迁导致海岸带生态要素空间分布与资源组合关系发生不同程度的变化,这种变化引起人们获取可利用资源方式的改变。江苏沿海自然环境变迁导致了宜耕、宜盐、宜渔带分异。在长期施行蓄草供煎制度下,海岸带表现为独特的盐作生态,并伴随海岸东迁,移亭就卤。通过盐作与环境的考察,社会经济环境变化往往是淮盐兴衰变迁的主要原因,海势东迁引发的自然环境变化并非影响淮盐兴衰的主要因素。明清官府长期重盐抑农,施行蓄草供煎禁垦政策,导致自然资源分配以盐作活动为主,在海岸带社会经济、政治过程中,官府对海岸带资源、盐作活动的垄断,是为了稳定获取盐课,使其继续成为封建政体维持统治的财赋来源地,这种巨大的财政依赖内化为对海岸带垄断的高度自觉,进而强化了对海岸带人地系统均衡发展(因地制宜)、自发演替的抑制,地方社会力量长期缺乏主动性。王朝需要在该系统中稳定地获取长期的物质与能量供应,其海岸带管理长期重盐轻垦,导致海岸带资源配置低效化,扭曲了系统自身“演替”,激化人地矛盾,也积攒了对旧政策的破坏力,加快了垄断自身解体。官府管制崩溃,地方社会力量便快速推动海岸带生产布局重构,为清末民初废灶兴垦提供了历史条件。清末民初,在全国放垦的背景下,海岸带开始了放垦计划。但垦利者往往夸大垦利,海岸带社会经济活动从以往重盐抑垦的一端滑向重垦抑盐的另一个极端,大力推动废灶兴垦运动,事实上加速了淮南盐衰,资源配置不再以盐作活动为中心,但沿海地区宜盐带的存在,又难以全然废灶,最终盐垦并行、废灶不废盐成为这一时期海岸带社会经济突出表现。海岸带自然、社会经济与政治过程的互动,又集中表现在人地矛盾程度的变化上,长期施行兴灶禁垦、蓄草供煎的垄断性海岸带管理制度,恶化了区域人地关系,但政治过程未能成为应对人地矛盾程度尖锐化的自觉者。清末内忧外患,加上保守风气,清廷反而更加依赖淮盐课赋而无法自拔,最终海岸带管制与清廷自身一起崩溃。
[Abstract]:The coastal zone (coastal zone) is the transition zone of interaction between land and sea, the coastal zone of Jiangsu is a typical region of historical observation geographical environment change and human activities in the coastal plain in Jiangsu, hundreds of years of rapid siltation, today still has a national and even worldwide largest tidal flat, farming activities in the area of memory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties long, intense salt, environmental changes and various human activities change, changes in the geographical stage, rich cultural drama, has important academic significance to discuss the history of interaction between land and sea and the man land relationship in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In this paper, two Huai salt as the relationship with the environment as the starting point. In the past two salt in economic research, production of little attention, lack of salt to discuss the relationship with the environment and the traditional era of salt relations activities and environmental changes closely, especially in the period of Ming and Qing the Yellow River South Beach, the rapid siltation under the background of environmental change in the end of the salt activity to produce what kind of impact, the previous scholars did not carry out the discussion. The author combines with historical literature by modern simulation, attempts to recover the characteristics of Ming and Qing Dynasties salt environment changes and two Huai salt ecological basic features, the economic rise and fall of Huai salt and salt for the Ming and Qing Dynasties, has been redefined the relationship with the environment. On this basis, further discusses the relationship between salt, cultivation, fishing and other human activities and environmental changes, to deepen understanding of the relationship between people with regional changes on the coast. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, showing long-term siltation in North Jiangsu coastal Jiangsu coastal zone in succession, the ecological environment of coastal elements, as well as the changes of certain regularity. The change of geographical environment in the coastal zone of spatial distribution of ecological elements and resource combination relations change in different degrees This change, caused people to obtain the available resources. The change of natural environment of Jiangsu coastal changes have caused arable, suitable salt, fishery zones. In the long-term implementation of storage system for fried grass, coastal ecological performance for the unique salt, with the coastline moved, moved by the salt booth is halogen. As with the environment investigation, the change of social economic environment is the main reason for the rise and fall of the sea salt change, caused by the change of natural environment potential Dongqian will not affect the rise and fall of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The rulers of Huai salt salt long-term suppression of agricultural purposes, storage grass for fried cultivation prohibition policy, resulting in natural resource allocation activities with salt as the main belt the social economy on the coast, in the political process, the government of the coastal zone resources, salt monopoly activities, in order to obtain stable salt, to continue to maintain the rule of the feudal regime to become finance sources, this huge financial dependence into the sea Highly conscious Bank Monopoly, thereby strengthening the coastal people balanced development system (conditions), inhibition of spontaneous succession, long-term lack of initiative of local social forces. Government needed stable access to material and energy supply in the system, the coastal zone management long-term salt light cultivation, these coastal resources allocation efficiency, distortion of the system itself "succession", the intensification of the contradiction between people and land, but also the accumulation of the destruction of the old policy, speeding up its disintegration. The government monopoly control collapse, local social forces will promote the rapid production of coastal zone layout reconstruction, providing the historical conditions for xingken waste stove. At the end of the Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty, in the country of cultivation under the background of the Coastal Zone started assarting plan. But Kenli people tend to exaggerate the social and economic activities in the coastal zone of Kenli, from the end of the anti salt reclamation to heavy salt reclamation the other extreme, Vigorously promote waste stove xingken movement, in fact Huainan has accelerated the decline of salt, salt in the allocation of resources is no longer the activities as the center, but the coastal areas should take the salt, it is difficult to completely waste stove, the final salt reclamation in parallel, don't waste salt stove waste as this period of coastal economic society the most prominent coast. With nature, interaction of social economic and political process, and focus on the people to change the degree of contradiction on the long-term implementation of Xing ban stove cultivation, storage grass for the monopoly of coastal zone management system fried, deterioration of the regional human relations, but the political process should not be a self contradiction between people and land of sharp degree at the end of the Qing Dynasty. With the conservative atmosphere of domestic trouble and foreign invasion, but more dependent, Qing Huai salt class Fu and unable to extricate themselves, and ultimately the coastal zone regulation and Qing collapsed.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K248

【参考文献】