雅俗之间:《诗经》跨阶层传播研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 04:23

本文选题：诗经　切入点：跨阶层传播　出处：《南京大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：《诗经》是中国古代第一部诗歌总集,其中包含了大量来自民间的篇章。本文的从文体和观念两个方面,来研究《诗》自下而上的跨阶层传播。首先,“诗”作为一种来自民间的文体,最初是通过何种方式被贵族阶层所接受?《诗》的文体地位又是如何一步步被提高,最终成使《诗》为贵族文化的一个标志?另一方面,诗篇内来自下层的思想观念,诸如爱情观、博物观之类,又是如何对上层的心理和知识结构发生影响,最终导致了那些后果?这是笔者主要探讨的问题。民间的诗最初是在娱乐场合被贵族接受的,在《仪礼》的《乡饮酒礼》、《燕礼》、《乡射礼》和《大射仪》四篇中,呈现了大量乐工歌《诗》的场景,贵族们在娱乐性的燕礼和射礼中受到民间诗乐的熏陶,这些诗篇逐渐为贵族们所熟悉,并成为表达个人情感和意见的语言工具,春秋时期的赋诗言志,就是在这种情况下产生和流行开来的。在春秋时期的内政和外交场合,《诗》的重要性与日俱增,甚至成为贵族教育的课本。与此同时,随着《诗》向上层传播,来自民间的套语也开始被贵族阶层吸收,并大量运用到贵族自身的诗歌创作中,在此过程中,一些套语的语义也发生了的变化。《诗经》某些西周末期的诗篇中出现了作者的署名,署名的意义在于,作者想借诗篇的创作把自已的名字流传下去,用周代贵族自已的话说,就是求“立言”以致“不朽”。在这些署名诗中,最具有代表性的是《小雅·巷伯》,它出自一个宦官之手,但是却显示出某些类似于《尚书》中的诰训命誓等高等文体的特征,这也是《诗》文体地位上升的一个表现。《诗经》中存在大量的民间爱情诗。其中奔放的爱情观传播到上层,也会影响到贵族们对性爱的看法。春秋时期,因为爱情的不节制而酿成的政治灾祸比比皆是,因此孔子提出“放郑声”,从乐曲中删除那些过于热烈的爱情诗篇,同时在孔门内部把一些爱情诗改造为阐发美德的语言工具。《诗经》大量运用了自然物起兴的修辞手法,这展现了中国古代博物学的原发形态——一种平民性的自然知识。而春秋时期的贵族对此种博物学知识是较为排斥的。直到孔子提出《诗》有“多识于草木鸟兽之名”的功用,博物之学才依附于《诗》学,逐渐成为一种具有合法性的学问。到战国时期,博物学知识在政治领域的重要性日益凸显,成为儒家构建天人秩序的重要资源。而儒家内部也出现了《尔雅》一书,其中有大量篇幅是训释自然物的,这标志着博物学成为儒者知识框架中一个不可缺少的部分。
[Abstract]:The Book of songs is the first collection of poetry in ancient China, which contains a large number of chapters from the people.This paper studies the cross-class communication of Poems from two aspects of style and concept.First of all, as a folk style, "poem" was accepted by the aristocratic class in what way at first? how did the stylistic status of "poem" be improved step by step, and finally become a symbol of aristocratic culture?On the other hand, how did the ideas from the lower levels, such as love, view of history, and so on, affect the psychological and intellectual structure of the upper class and ultimately lead to those consequences?This is the main problem discussed by the author.Folk poetry was initially accepted by the nobility in entertainment. In the four parts of "the ritual of drinking in the country", "the ritual of Yan Li", "the Rites of the Countryside" and "the Great shooting instrument", a large number of musical works and songs were presented in the scenes of "Poems".The aristocrats were influenced by folk poetry and music in the entertaining Yan Li and the shooting ceremony. These poems were gradually familiar to the aristocrats and became language tools for expressing their personal feelings and opinions.It was in this context that it came into being and became popular.During the Spring and Autumn period, poetry became more and more important in domestic and foreign affairs, and even became a textbook for aristocratic education.At the same time, with the spread of poetry to the upper class, the folk expressions began to be absorbed by the aristocratic class, and used in a large number of aristocratic poetry creation, in this process,The semantics of some cliches have also changed. In some of the poems of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the author's signature appeared. The meaning of the signature is that the author wants to pass on his name through the creation of the poem, in the words of the aristocrats of the Zhou Dynasty.Is to "stand up" so that "immortal".Of all these signed poems, the most representative is Xiao Ya-xiang Bo, which is written by an eunuch, but shows certain features of higher forms of writing, such as the Suo Shue and the affidavit in the Book of Shang.This is also a manifestation of the rising stylistic status of the Book of songs, which contains a large number of folk love poems.One of the unrestrained views of love spread to the upper class, but also affect the aristocrats on the view of sex.During the Spring and Autumn period, political calamities caused by the uncontrolled nature of love were everywhere. Therefore, Confucius proposed "setting up Zheng's voice" and deleting from the music those love poems that were too enthusiastic.At the same time, some love poems were transformed into language tools to elucidate virtue. The Book of songs used a large number of rhetorical devices of the rise of natural objects, which showed the original form of Chinese ancient history-a kind of natural knowledge of common people.And the aristocrats of the Spring and Autumn period to this kind of historical knowledge is more exclusive.Until Confucius put forward the function of "knowing the name of plants, trees, birds and animals", the study of history became a kind of legitimate knowledge.During the warring States period, the importance of historical knowledge in the political field became increasingly prominent and became an important resource for Confucianism to construct the order of Heaven and Man.However, there is also a book called "Erya" in Confucianism, in which a great deal of space is devoted to the explanation of natural objects, which indicates that the study of natural history has become an indispensable part of the framework of Confucian knowledge.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：I207.22;N91

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