甘南俄巴文化研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 19:22

本文选题：俄巴 + 宁玛派　；参考：《中央民族大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：俄巴文化是藏族文化的重要组成部分,也是藏族民间独具特色的文化组成部分。本文之所以提出“俄巴文化”概念,一为俄巴确实形成了一个重要文化现象；二为使人们认识到俄巴文化及其重要性是论文的初衷和出发点。俄巴文化以藏族原始信仰与苯教碰撞的文化底蕴为根基,经历了苯教和佛教两种地域宗教文化的斗争、吸收、融合、创造的漫长历史过程,两种文化的融合促进了民间俄巴文化的发展壮大并形成如今的摸样。俄巴文化是青藏高原本土文化底蕴中盛开的莲花,既不失印度佛教密宗的内涵和精华,又融合西藏地域文化形成自己独特的文化体系。本文试图从文化学、宗教人类学的角度勾勒出藏族俄巴文化的概貌。由导论、正文、结语等三大板块组成。导论包括了研究意义、国内外研究现状、田野点情况、研究方法等内容,正文由四个章节组成。第一章主要论述了俄巴的历史和发展演变过程。考析了俄巴称谓的由来,探究了俄巴的起源。甘南俄巴文化发展到十七世纪经历了数次整顿,第五世达赖喇嘛阿旺嘉措推崇宁玛派并极力扶持敏珠林寺等宁玛派主要寺院。五世达赖喇嘛弟子第一世嘉木样活佛回到安多甘南一带建寺弘法,甘南各地纷纷开始建立俄巴组织——俄芒,并有人几次奔赴敏珠林寺学习宗教传承和仪轨活动,将其带回家乡并在民间俄巴中宣扬敏珠林寺传承。这些社会活动是对五世达赖喇嘛推崇宁玛派政策的一种社会反应和反馈。此外,甘南俄巴陆续到康区宁玛派寺院学法。从此,甘南俄芒中有两种仪轨传承,即敏珠林寺仪轨传承和康区宁提传承。甘南百分之七十的俄巴实践敏珠林寺仪轨传承,然而,拉卜愣俄巴扎仓为代表的少数俄芒组织则实践宁提传承。后来,敏珠林寺受到打击,接着民间俄芒遭遇接二连三的社会动荡,民间俄芒受到前所未有的沉重打击。老一代俄巴没有来得及将整个传承交付给下一代就已归西,青年一代没有机会在传统文化气氛中熏陶成长,文化传承在老一代和青年一代中遭遇断层。恢复宗教信仰自由时,很多俄芒的仪轨传承没能完全恢复原来的传统,接受新的传承使如今俄巴组织的仪轨活动呈现出多元传承的现象。既有原来的敏珠林寺传承,也有宁提传承,还有敦均新藏的传承。第二章主要论述了俄巴的类型和职能,以及组织形式。俄巴是“在家密宗修行者”最小的个体,俄芒是众多俄巴组织,俄芒组织的规模大小不一。既有村落为单位的俄芒组织,也有部落为单位的俄芒组织,甚至也有部落联盟性俄芒组织。甘南有上百位俄巴,几十个俄芒组织,三个大型的部落联盟俄芒组织。甘南俄巴在组织形式上可以分为两种,霍尔藏俄芒为主,依据村落、自给自足的乡村俄巴,拉卜楞俄巴扎仓为代表,依附藏传佛教寺院、民众供养的寺院俄巴。这两种组织都有赤巴、格贵、翁赞、多杰增巴、却本等各自内部组织结构和任免制度。但一般来讲,乡村俄巴组织松散,人身兼多职。寺院俄巴组织严密,众人各司其职。俄巴从乡村俄巴发展到寺院俄巴表明了在藏传佛教寺院文化体系的影响下,俄巴从家族单传的无组织宗教神职人员到有组织的乡村俄芒组织,最后又发展成为具有严密宗教组织制度的寺院俄巴。根据俄巴的修行层次和侧重点不同可以分为白俄巴、花俄巴、黑俄巴三种类型。即修炼密法四续无上瑜伽续部,遵循四灌顶完成生起次第和圆满次第,追求圆满成佛利益自他的白俄巴；精通吉祥天姆、大怙主、阎摩敌三种本尊神灵之四业,令其服从瑜伽师之命为其护法的花俄巴；能通地下鲁神、地上赞神、骑羊大护法等三神之业,驱鬼镇魔令其左右瑜伽师服务民众者黑俄巴。这三种类型的俄巴在甘南俄巴中也有非常明显的区分。俄巴白、花、黑的三分法表明了俄巴文化发展的三个重要步骤：就是说具有原始苯教文化底蕴下成长的黑俄巴,佛苯融合之后形成的花俄巴,藏传佛教文化主导的白俄巴。除此之外,乡村俄巴处于花俄巴和黑俄巴之间,寺院俄巴则摈弃黑俄巴之业,追求白俄巴的密法修行事业。拉卜楞俄巴扎仓主要以追求密宗修行证悟虹化为目标的寺院俄巴,霍尔藏俄芒等乡村俄巴组织是满足民众需求的花俄巴,舟曲贡巴则倾向于花俄巴和黑俄巴之间。在藏族社会中,精通密法的俄巴不仅是宗教修行人员,而且还是服务民众的宗教神职人员,更是精通藏族社会各个学科门类的专家。在婚礼仪式上,俄巴是主坐高堂的主持人和仪礼师,负责实践招福、招财、祈愿和睦长久之仪轨；在生儿育女时,俄巴负责看八卦给孩子取名祈福；在军旅征战时,俄巴是鼓舞士气、召唤战神的摆阵师；在插箭祭祀山神时,俄巴是安插第一把箭的仪轨师；在农业收成季节,俄巴是田间地头保护庄稼的守卫者,人们称其为防雹师。农民间流传着“俄巴在地头,冰雹绕着走”的佳话。新生孩儿无故哭闹不止,俄巴有一种“琼氏兰巴”(?)的仪轨,可以令孩子停止哭闹。俄巴中有医师世家,他们掌握的医术可以治好各种疑难杂症,是一方民众最贴心的赤脚医生。藏人平常生活中最常见的是遇到大小事情都要预先占卜问卦,择吉日而避凶日,一切安排妥当后,才能安心做事。俄巴中有一部分则擅长占卜算卦之事,为民众排忧解难。俄巴在早期社会中应该算作社会知识分子和专家,他们精通宗教仪轨、人生礼仪程式、占卜算卦、天文历算、医药、心理、农业、牧业、风水、建筑、诗歌、音舞等众多社会科学知识。研究俄巴文化可以窥探藏族先民对以上学科的认知和理解,以及俄巴在社会中发挥的作用。第三章主要探讨了俄巴教育和生活。俄巴的传承和教育方式主要以家族世袭传承的方式维持到如今,大多数是父传子、祖传孙、叔传侄、舅传甥等方式父系血统世袭传承。俄巴可以娶妻生子,养儿育女,赡养老人。乡村俄巴一般要参与生产劳动,他们的教育主要来自社区和长辈。但是拉卜楞俄巴扎仓的俄巴规定不能参与生产劳动,他们在寺院班级制度下获得俄巴所必需的知识。甘南俄巴呈现出半脱产半职业性乡村俄巴和全脱产职业性寺院俄巴。第四章主要论述了俄巴的仪轨和象征体系。探讨俄巴的宗教仪轨就不可避免地要谈及俄巴的神灵体系和法器圣物,衣冠装束等象征体系。俄巴神灵体系首先以天地自然神灵为主,后期转向密宗曼陀罗中的本尊护法神。俄巴修行密宗中最重要的神灵是三根本,即上师、本尊、空行母。最重要的三位护法神则是吉祥天姆、曜神、大护法。乡村俄巴和寺院俄巴在衣冠装束上具有一定的区别。俄巴既是民间神职人员,又是密宗修行者。他们的宗教活动不但包括了惠人惠己的每月初十和二十五日举行的初十法会与本尊法会等法事活动,还有前行、正行、四灌顶等一系列追求解脱的密法禅修。本论文通过论述的俄巴文化引起人们对民间文化的了解和重视。试图藏传佛教正统文化与民间俄巴文化之间的沟通和交流。在沟通和交流中完善和填补藏族文化发展史。
[Abstract]:The Russian BA culture is an important part of the Tibetan culture, and it is also a unique cultural component of the Tibetan folk. The reason why the concept of "Russian BA culture" is proposed in this article is an important cultural phenomenon. The second is to make people realize that the Russian BA culture and its importance are the original intention and starting point of the paper. The original belief of the Tibetan nationality and the cultural background of the collision between the two religions, the struggle, the absorption, integration and the long historical process of the Tibetan Buddhism and Buddhism, the integration of the two cultures promoted the development of the folk Russian BA culture and formed the present pattern. The Russian BA culture was the prosperity of the local culture of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The lotus, which does not lose the connotation and essence of the India Buddhism and the essence of Buddhism, also combines the Tibet regional culture to form its own unique cultural system. This article attempts to outline the outline of the Tibetan Russian and Pakistan culture from the angle of culture and religious anthropology. It consists of three major sections: introduction, text, conclusion and so on. The introduction includes the significance of the study, and the research at home and abroad The main text is composed of four chapters. The first chapter mainly discusses the history and evolution process of the Russian BA's history and development, examines the origin of the Russian BA title and explores the origin of the Russian BA culture. In seventeenth Century, the development of Gannan Russian BA culture had been rectified several times, and the fifth Darai Lama Awang Gia Zo praised the Ning Ma school. The first Shijia living Buddha of Darai Lama, the fifth disciple of the fifth emperor, returned to the Gannan area of anddo to build the temple of monastery, and the Russian BA organization was set up in various parts of Gannan, and some people went to the Min pearl temple to study religious inheritance and ritual activities, and brought them back to their hometown and declared them in folk Russia. These social activities are a social reaction and feedback to the policy of the Darai Lama in the 5th world. In addition, the Gannan Russian BA has come to the temple of Ningma school in Kang district. From then on, there are two types of rituals in Gannan, namely, the inheritance of the monastery and the inheritance of ningti in the Kang district. Gannan seventy percent's Russian BA Shi However, the minority o 's organization, represented by La Bo Obazatan, was carried out by ningti. Later, the Min monastery was hit, and then the folk Russia face suffered a series of social unrest. When the generation has come back to the west, the young generation has no opportunity to grow up in the traditional cultural atmosphere, and the cultural inheritance has encountered faults in the old generation and the young generation. The second chapters mainly discuss the types and functions of the Russian BA, as well as the organization form. Awn organization, tribal organization, and even tribal alliance awn organization. Gannan has hundreds of Russian BA, dozens of awn organizations and three large tribal alliance o mans organization. Gannan Russian BA can be divided into two types in organization form, Holzer Hun awn mainly, based on villages, self-sufficient rural Russia Pakistan, La pulcorrugated Russian. Bazaang is represented by the Tibetan Buddhist monastery and the monastery, the monastery which is supported by the people. These two organizations include chezaba, Ge GUI, Weng Zan and junzeng Ba, but the organization and appointment and dismissal system of their respective internal organizations. Under the influence of the cultural system of the Tibetan Buddhist monastery, Russia and Pakistan showed that under the influence of the cultural system of the Tibetan Buddhist monastery, oba from the unorganized religious clergy of the family to the organized village of Russian Emon, and finally developed into a monastery with a strict religious organization system. The three types of Russian BA and Black Russian and Pakistan. That is, the continuation of the four continued yoga, followed by the four filling and the completion of the second and complete order, the pursuit of the success of the Buddha's benefit from his Bela; mastery of the four industry of auspicious days, the great parents, and the three kinds of gods of the yama. The three types of Russian BA in Gannan and Pakistan also have a very obvious distinction. The three points of Russian BA Bai, flower and black show the three important steps of the development of the Russian BA culture: that is to say with the original bis culture. In addition to the growth of the Black Russian BA, the flower Russian BA after the fusion of Buddhas and the Tibetan Buddhist culture dominated by the baobba, in addition to this, the rural Russia and Ba were located between the kobba and the Black Russian BA, and the monastery oba rejected the Black Russian BA industry and pursued the secret law practice of the baobba. The village Russian BA organization, such as the monastery, Russia and Pakistan, Holzer Zang Mo and other rural Russia and Pakistan is the flower of iobba to meet the needs of the people. In the Tibetan society, the Russian BA is not only a religious practitioner but also a religious clergy serving the people in the Tibetan society, but also a specialist in the various disciplines of the Tibetan society. At the wedding ceremony, oba is the host and ritual of the Lord in the high hall. It is responsible for the practice of recruiting, making money, and praying for a long ritual. In the birth of a child, the Russian BA is responsible for the eight diagrams to give their children the name and prayers; in the military expropriation, the Russian BA is inspiring morale and summoning the battle God's pendulum division; when the arrow is sacrificed to the mountain god, Russia Ba is planted in peace. The first arrows of the arrows; in the agricultural harvest season, the Russian BA is the guardians of the fields that protect the crops from the field. People call it the hailstorm. Among the farmers there are the words "the Russian BA is around the ground and the hail around". There is a doctor's family, the medical skill they master can cure all kinds of miscellaneous diseases, the most intimate barefoot doctor of the people. The most common in the ordinary life of the Tibetans is to divination and ask the hexagram in advance. In the early society, oba should be a social intellectual and expert. They are proficient in religious rituals, rituals, divination and calculation, astronomical calendar, medicine, psychology, agriculture, animal husbandry, Feng Shui, architecture, poetry, dance and so on. The third chapter mainly discusses the education and life of Russia and Pakistan. It mainly discusses the education and life of Russia and Pakistan. The inheritance and education methods of Russia and Pakistan are maintained mainly in the way of family hereditary inheritance. Most of them are father's son, Zu Chuansun, uncle's nephew, uncle's nephews and other ways of hereditary inheritance of paternal lineage. Child breeding and support for the elderly. Rural Russia is usually involved in productive labor. Their education is mainly from the community and the elders. But La Bo Lenobazatan's Russian BA rules can not participate in the production of labor. They have acquired the knowledge necessary for the Russian bar under the monastery class system. Gannan oba present a semi detached semi professional rural Russian BA and full off. The fourth chapter of the professional monastery, Russia ba. Chapter mainly discusses the Russian BA's ritual and symbolic system. It is inevitable to discuss the religious rites of Russia and Ba on the symbol system of the spirit system of Russia and the sacred objects of French and the dress and clothes. The most important spirit in the OA pads is the three fundamental, the master, the original, the empty mother. The most important three deities are auspicious days, obsidian, and the great law of protection. The village Russian BA and the monastery, Pakistan and Pakistan have a certain difference in clothes and clothes. The Russian BA is both a folk clergy and a secret religious practitioner. Their religious activities include not only the religious activities of the people, but also the religious activities of the religious activities. A series of legal activities, such as the first decade of the first decade and the law of the first place, were held on the ten and twenty-five days of each month, as well as a series of Buddhist meditation on the pursuit of liberation, such as the advance of the law, and the four irrigation. Communication and communication. Improve and fill the history of Tibetan culture in communication and communication.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G127

【参考文献】